Seth

Seth,Template:Efn in the Abrahamic religions, was the third son of Adam and Eve. The Hebrew Bible names two of his siblings (although it also states that he had others): his brothers Cain and Abel. According to Template:Bibleverse, Seth was born after Abel's murder by Cain, and Eve believed that God had appointed him as a replacement for Abel.

Genesis

According to the Book of Genesis, Seth was born when Adam was 130 years old (according to the Masoretic Text),<ref name="ch53">Template:Bibleverse</ref> or 230 years old (according to the Septuagint),<ref>Larsson, Gerhard, "The Chronology of the Pentateuch: A Comparison of the MT and LXX", Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 102, no. 3, 1983, p. 402</ref> "a son in his likeness and image".<ref name="ch53" /> The genealogy repeated at Template:Bibleverse. Template:Bibleverse states that Adam fathered "sons and daughters" before his death, aged 930 years. According to Genesis, Seth died at the age of 912 (that is, 14 years before Noah's birth).<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref>

Jewish tradition

Seth figures in the biblical texts of the Life of Adam and Eve (the Apocalypse of Moses). It recounts the lives of Adam and Eve from after their expulsion from the Garden of Eden to their deaths. While the surviving versions were composed from the early third to the fifth century,<ref name="Johnson">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp the literary units in the work are considered to be older and predominantly of Jewish origin.<ref name="sparks">Template:Cite book</ref> There is wide agreement that the original was composed in a Semitic language<ref name="Johnson"/>Template:Rp in the first century AD/CE.<ref name="Johnson"/>Template:Rp In the Greek versions, Seth and Eve travel to the doors of the Garden to beg for some oil of the Tree of Mercy (i.e. the Tree of Life). On the way, Seth is attacked and bitten by a wild beast, which goes away when ordered by Seth. Michael refuses to give them the oil at that time, but promises to give it at the end of time, when all flesh will be raised up, the delights of paradise will be given to the holy people and God will be in their midst. On their return, Adam says to Eve: "What hast thou done? Thou hast brought upon us great wrath which is death." (chapters 5–14) Later, only Seth can witness the taking-up of Adam at his funeral in a divine chariot, which deposits him in the Garden of Eden.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Genesis refers to Seth as the ancestor of Noah and hence the father of all mankind, all other humans having perished in the Great Flood. It is saidTemplate:By whom that late in life, Adam gave Seth secret teachings that would become the Kabbalah.Template:Citation needed The Zohar refers to Seth as "ancestor of all the generations of the Egyptians or Tsetsaudim" (Hebrew: righteous ones).<ref>Zohar 1:36b</ref> According to Seder Olam Rabbah, based on Jewish reckoning, he was born in 2130 BC AM. According to Aggadah, he had 2 sons and many wives. According to the Seder Olam Rabbah, he died in 1042 AM.

Josephus

In the Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus refers to Seth as virtuous and of excellent character,<ref>Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, chapter 2, section 3, accessed 2 September 2020</ref> and reports that his descendants invented the wisdom of the heavenly bodies, and built the "pillars of the sons of Seth", two pillars inscribed with many scientific discoveries and inventions, notably in astronomy. They were built by Seth's descendants based on Adam's prediction that the world would be destroyed at one time by fire and another time by global flood, in order to protect the discoveries and be remembered after the destruction. One was composed of brick, and the other of stone, so that if the pillar of brick should be destroyed, the pillar of stone would remain, both reporting the ancient discoveries, and informing humankind that a pillar of brick was also erected. Josephus reports that the pillar of stone remained in the land of Siriad in his day.

William Whiston, a 17/18th-century translator of the Antiquities, stated in a footnote that he believed Josephus mistook Seth for Sesostris, king of Egypt, the erector of the pillar in Siriad (being a contemporary name for the territories in which Sirius was venerated, i.e. Egypt). He stated that there was no way for any pillars of Seth to survive the deluge, because the deluge buried all such pillars and edifices far underground in the sediment of its waters. The perennialist writer Nigel Jackson identifies the land of Siriad in Josephus' account with Syria, citing related Mandaean legends regarding the "Oriental Land of Shyr" in connection with the visionary mytho-geography of the prophetic traditions surrounding Seth.<ref>"On the Prophethood of Seth in the Abrahamic Traditions", Sacred Web volume 25, Summer 2010</ref>

Christianity

The second-century BC Book of Jubilees, regarded as noncanonical except in the Oriental Orthodox Churches, also dates his birth to 130 AM.<ref name=Jubilee>The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, R.H. Charles, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913. Book of Jubilees 4:7–13. Template:ISBN.</ref> According to it, in 231 AM Seth married his sister, Azura, who was four years younger than he was. In the year 235 AM, Azura gave birth to Enos.<ref name=Jubilee />

Seth is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with Adam, Abel, and others, with a feast day on July 26. He is also included in the Genealogy of Jesus, according to Luke 3:23–38.<ref name="Luke">Template:Bibleverse</ref>

The Sethians were a Christian Gnostic sect who may date their existence to before Christianity.<ref>Turner Sethian Gnosticism: Template:Webarchive</ref> Their thinking, although predominantly Judaic in foundation, was arguably strongly influenced by Platonism. Sethians were named for their veneration of Seth, depicted in their creation myths as a divine incarnation; consequently, the offspring or 'posterity' of Seth are held to comprise a superior elect within human society.

Template:Anchor Islam

The Quran makes no mention of Šīṯ ibn Ādam. He is respected within Islamic traditions as the third and righteous son of Adam and Eve and seen as the gift bestowed on Adam after the death of Abel. The Sunni scholar and historian ibn Kathir in his tarikh (book of history), Al-Bidāya wa-n-nihāya ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),<ref>Australian Islamic Library</ref> records that Seth, a prophet like his father Adam, transfers God's Law to mankind after the death of Adam,<ref>Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Story of Adam and Seth</ref> and places him among the exalted antediluvian patriarchs of the Generations of Adam. Some sources say that Seth was the receiver of scriptures.<ref>Encyclopedia of Islam, Shith, Online Web.</ref> These scriptures are said to be the "first scriptures" mentioned in the Quran 87:18. Medieval historian and exegete al-Tabari and other scholars say that Seth buried Adam and the secret texts in the tomb of Adam, i.e., the "Cave of Treasures".

Islamic literature holds that Seth was born when Adam was past 100 and that Adam appointed Seth as guide to his people. The 11th-century Syrian historian and translator Al-Mubashshir ibn Fātik recorded the maxims and aphorisms of the ancient philosophers in his book Kitāb mukhtār al-ḥikam wa-maḥāsin al-kalim<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and included a chapter on Seth. Within Islamic tradition Seth holds wisdom of several kinds; knowledge of time, prophecy of the future Great Flood, and inspiration on the methods of night prayer. Islam, Judaism and Christianity trace the genealogy of mankind back to Seth since Abel left no heirs and Cain's heirs, according to tradition, were destroyed by the Great Flood.<ref>Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. I: Creation to the Flood</ref> Many traditional Islamic crafts<ref>Sacred Art in the East and West, Titus Burckhardt, Suhail Academy Publishing, 1967, pg. 151: "Thus it is that the craft traditions, such as persisted in Islamic countries to the very threshold of our times, are generally said to have come down from certain pre-Islamic prophets, particularly from Seth, the third son of Adam."</ref> are traced back to Seth, such as the making of horn combs.<ref>Islam and The Destiny of Man, Gai Eaton, Islamic Texts Society, 1994, pgs. 211–212: (on the traditional making of horn combs) "This craft can be traced back from apprentice to master until one reaches... Seth... It was he who first taught men and what a prophet brings – and Seth was a prophet – must clearly have a special purpose, both outwardly and inwardly".</ref> Seth also plays a role in Sufism, and Ibn Arabi includes a chapter in his Bezels of Wisdom on Seth, entitled "The Wisdom of Expiration in the Word of Seth".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some traditions locate Seth's tomb in the village of Al-Nabi Shayth (Template:Abbr "The Prophet Seth") in the mountains above the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon, where there is a mosque named after him. This tomb was described by the 12th-century geographer Ibn Jubayr. A rival tradition, mentioned by later medieval Arab geographers from the 13th century on, placed the tomb of Nabi Shith ("Prophet Seth") in the Palestinian village of Bashshit, southwest of Ramla village. According to the Palestine Exploration Fund, Bashshit means Beit Shith, i.e. "House of Seth".<ref name=PEFp84>Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), 1838, p. 84.</ref> The village was depopulated with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, but the three-domed structure said to be Seth's tomb survives in the Israeli moshav Aseret built on the site. Another tomb in the city of Balkh, Afghanistan has been identified as the burial site of Seth sheth

Local Muslims in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh in India believe a Template:Convert grave in Hazrat Shees Jinnati Mosque to be the maqam of Hazrat Shees or the Prophet Seth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This belief is mentioned in a 16th-century Mughal document Ain-i-Akbari<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and is also mentioned in the work India of Aurangzeb of Jadunath Sarkar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Template:AnchorMandaeism

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} According to the Mandaean scriptures, including the Qulasta, the Mandaean Book of John and Genzā Rabbā, Seth is cognate with the angelic soteriological figure Shitil<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Template:Langx), a son of Adam Kadmaya who taught John the Baptist with his brothers Anush (Enosh) and Hibil (Abel).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is variously spoken of as a son of Adam,<ref name="ginza-alsaadi-l1-1">Template:Cite book</ref> a brother<ref name="ginza-alsaadi-r5">Template:Cite book</ref> or son<ref name="ginza-alsaadi-r12">Template:Cite book [Note: this is book 10 in some other editions.]</ref> of Hibil, and the brother<ref name="ginza-alsaadi-r5"/> or father<ref name="ginza-alsaadi-r12"/> of Anush. Shitil is one of the revealers of Mandaeism and a prophet, identified as the biblical Seth.<ref name=BSN>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Yazidism

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In Yazidism, Seth is known as Shehid ibn Jerr.<ref name="Kreyenbroek 2005"/>

According to Yazidi oral literature, Adam and Eve each deposited their seeds into separate jars. While Eve's seed developed into insects, Adam's seed gave birth to Shehid ibn Jerr, the ancestor of the Yazidis. Yazidis thus believe that they have been created separately and differently from all other human beings (Kreyenbroek 2005: 31).<ref name="Kreyenbroek 2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

Shrines

Iraq

On July 26, 2014, forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) blew up Nabi Shiyt (Prophet Seth) shrine in Mosul, Iraq. Sami al-Massoudi, the deputy head of the Shiite Endowment Office overseeing holy sites, confirmed that destruction. He added, ISIL took some of the artifacts to an unknown location.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Lebanon

File:Seth Prophet Shrine in Seth Prophet Town02.JPG

The purported grave of Seth in a village of the same name in the Levant

There is a village named after him in Lebanon, that is Al-Nabi Shayth or Al-Nabi Sheeth (meaning "The Prophet Seth"), which is also considered to contain his shrine.<ref name="LeStrange1890">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="SmithRobinson1841">Template:Cite book</ref>

Israel

File:Bashshit.jpg

The purported grave of Seth in Bashshit, modern-day Israel

The tomb of Bashshit is believed to be the grave of Seth.<ref name=PEFweb>Conder, The Moslem Mukans, 1877, p. 93</ref> The tomb now sits in Aseret.

See also

• Set (deity) or Seth, an Egyptian deity
• Seth (disambiguation)
• Suteans

Bibliography

• A. F. J. Klijn, Seth in Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature. Supplements to Novum Testamentum 46. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977.