Shakya
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:Shakya Republic
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Shakya (Pāḷi: Template:Transliteration; Template:Langx) was an ancient Indo-Aryan clan of the northeastern region of South Asia, whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The Shakyas were organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|Template:Transliteration]] (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), also known as the Shakya Republic.Template:Sfn The Shakyas were on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain in the Greater Magadha cultural region.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
LocationEdit
The Shakyas lived in the Terai – an area south of the foothills of the Himalayas and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain with their neighbors to the west and south being the kingdom of Kosala, their neighbors to the east across the Rohni River being the related Koliya tribe, while on the northeast they bordered on the Mallakas of Kushinagar. To the north, the territory of the Shakyas stretched into the Himalayas until the forested regions of the mountains, which formed their northern border.Template:Sfn
The capital of the Shakyas was the city of Kapilavastu.Template:Sfn<ref name=EoB2010>Template:Cite book</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The name of the Shakyas is attested primarily in the Pali forms Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration, and the Sanskrit form Template:Transliteration.Template:Sfn
The Shakyas' name was derived from the Sanskrit root Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) (Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), more rarely Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})) meaning "to be able", "worthy", "possible", or "practicable".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The name of the Shakyas was also derived from the name of the Template:Transliteration or Template:Transliteration tree,<ref name=Fleet1906>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn which Bryan Levman has identified with either the teak or sāla tree,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn which is ultimately related to word [[wikt:शाखा#Sanskrit|Template:Transliteration]] ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), meaning 'branch',<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and was connected to the Shakyas' practice of worshipping the Template:Transliteration or Template:Transliteration tree.Template:Sfn
HistoryEdit
OriginsEdit
Munda originEdit
The Shakyas were an eastern sub-Himalayan ethnic group on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Gangetic plain in the Greater Magadha cultural region.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn-la The origins of the Sakyas is unclear,Template:Efn-la and they were "possibly"Template:Sfn an AryanizedTemplate:Sfn non-Aryan tribe,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn or of "mixed origin" (saṃkīrṇa-yonayaḥ), consisting primarily an indigenous lineage with a possible minority of Aryan ancestry.Template:Efn-la
Shakya legends link their ancestry to Okkāka (Ikshvāku), whose name is of Munda origin. According to Edward Thompson, they were likely partly of Mongolian descent, while E. J. Thomas argued they were mainly of Kol or Munda origin.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn-la The Shakyas were closely related to their eastern neighbours, the Koliya tribe, with whom they intermarried.Template:Sfn
Alternative Central-Asian origin hypothesisEdit
Michael Witzel and Christopher I. Beckwith have equated the Shakyas with Central Asian nomads who were called Scythians by the Greeks, [[Saka|Template:Transliteration]]s by the Achaemenid Persians, and Template:Transliteration by the Indo-Aryans. These scholars have suggested that the people of the Buddha were Saka soldiers who arrived in South Asia in the army of Darius the Great during the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley, and saw in Scytho-Saka nomadism the origin of the wandering asceticism of the Buddha.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Scholars criticize the Scythian hypothesis due to a lack of evidence, with Bryan Levman maintaining that the Shakyas were native to the north-east Gangetic plain and unrelated to the Iranic Sakas.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "The evidence for this final wave is however, very slim and there is no evidence for it in the Vedic texts; for their western origin, Witzel relies on a reference in Pāṇini (4.2.131, madravṛjyoḥ) to the Vṛjjis in dual relation with the Madras who are from the northwest, and to the Mallas in the Jaiminīya Brāhamaṇa (§198) as arising from the dust of Rajasthan. Neither the Sakyas nor any of the other eastern tribes are mentioned, and of course there is no proof that any of these are Indo-Aryan groups. I view the Sakyas and the later Śakas as two separate groups, the former being aboriginal."</ref>
StatehoodEdit
By the sixth century BCE, the Shakyas, the Koliyas, Moriyas, and Mallakas lived between the territories of the Kauśalyas to the west and the Licchavikas and Vaidehas to the east, thus separating the Vajjika League from the Kosala kingdom.Template:Sfn By that time, the Shakya republic had become a vassal state of the larger Kingdom of Kosala.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn
During the fifth century itself, one of the members of the ruling aristocratic oligarchy of the Shakyas was Suddhodana. Suddhodana was married to the princess Māyā, who was the daughter of a Koliya noble, and the son of Suddhodana and Māyā was Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha and founder of Buddhism.Template:Sfn
During the life of the Buddha, an armed feud opposed the Shakyas and the Koliyas concerning the waters of the river Rohiṇī, which formed the boundary between the two states and whose water was needed by both of them to irrigate their crops. The intervention of the Buddha finally put an end to these hostilities.Template:Sfn
After the death of the Buddha, the Shakyas claimed a share of his relics from the Mallakas of Kusinārā on the grounds that he had been a Shakya.Template:Sfn
Conquest by KosalaEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Shortly after the Buddha's death, the Kauśalya king Viḍūḍabha, who had overthrown his father Pasenadi, invaded the Shakya and Koliya republics, seeking to conquer their territories because they had once been part of Kosala. Viḍūḍabha finally triumphed over the Shakyas and Koliyas and annexed their state after a long war with massive loss of lives on both sides. Details of this war were exaggerated by later Buddhist accounts, which claimed that Viḍūḍabha exterminated the Shakyas in retaliation for having given in marriage to his father the slave girl who became Viḍūḍabha's mother. In actuality, Viḍūḍabha's invasion of Shakya might instead have had similar motivations to the conquest of the Vajjika League by Viḍūḍabha's relative, the Māgadhī king Ajātasattu, who, because he was the son of a Vajjika princess, was therefore interested in the territory of his mother's homeland. The result of the Kauśalya invasion was that the Shakyas and Koliyas merely lost political importance after being annexed into Viḍūḍabha's kingdom. The Shakyas nevertheless soon disappeared as an ethnic group after their annexation, having become absorbed into the population of Kosala, with only a few displaced families maintaining the Shakya identity later. The Koliyas likewise disappeared as a polity and as a tribe soon after their annexation.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The massive life losses incurred by Kosala during its conquest of Shakya and Koliya weakened it significantly enough that it was itself soon annexed by its eastern neighbour, the kingdom of Magadha, and its king Viḍūḍabha was defeated and killed by the Māgadhī king Ajātasattu.Template:Sfn
LegacyEdit
In BuddhismEdit
The Buddha was given the epithet of the "Sage of the Shakyas", Template:Transliteration in Pali and Template:Transliteration in Sanskrit, by his followers.Template:Sfn
The functioning of the proceedings in the Trāyastriṃśa heaven ruled by Sakka, lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology, are modelled on those of the Shakya santhāgāra or general assembly hall.Template:Sfn
Descent claimsEdit
Tharu people of Tarai region of India and Nepal claim descent from Sakya.<ref name=Skar1995>Template:Cite journal</ref> Significant population of Newars of Kathmandu valley in Nepal use the surname Shakya and also claim to be the descendants of the Shakya clan with titles such as Śākyavamsa (of the Shakya lineage) having been used in the past.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
According to Hmannan Yazawin, first published in 1823, the legendary king Abhiyaza, who founded the Tagaung Kingdom and the Burmese monarchy belonged to the same Shakya clan of the Buddha.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He migrated to present-day Burma after the annexation of the Shakya kingdom by Kosala. The earlier Burmese accounts stated that he was a descendant of Pyusawhti, son of a solar spirit and a dragon princess.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Culture and societyEdit
EthnicityEdit
The Shakyas lived in what scholars presently call the Greater Magadha cultural area, which was located in the eastern Gangetic plain to the east of the confluence of the Gaṅgā and Yamunā rivers. Like the other eastern groups of the Greater Magadha region, the Shakyas were Template:Transliteration ("of mixed origin"), and therefore did not subscribe to the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Template:Transliteration]] social organisation consisting of [[Brahmin|Template:Transliteration]]s, [[Kshatriya|Template:Transliteration]]s, [[Vaishya|Template:Transliteration]]s, and [[Shudra|Template:Transliteration]]. While non-Indo-Aryan indigenous clans were given the status of Template:Transliterations, that is of slaves or servants, indigenous clans who collaborated with the Indo-Aryan clans were the status of Template:Transliterations. The Buddhist suttas are ambiguous on the status of the Buddha, sometimes calling him a kshatriya, but mostly ignoring the varna system. Additionally, the populations of Greater Magadha did not subscribe to the supremacy of the Template:Transliterations of the peoples of [[Āryāvarta|Template:Transliteration]], and Template:Transliterations were regarded as higher in the societies of Greater Magadha.Template:Sfn
Vedic literature therefore considered the populations of Greater Magadha as existing outside of the limits of Template:Transliteration, with the [[Manusmriti|Template:Transliteration]] grouping the Vaidehas, Māgadhīs, Licchavikas, and Mallakas, who were the neighbours of the Shakyas,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as being "non-Aryan" and born from mixed caste marriages, and the [[Baudhayana sutras|Template:Transliteration]]s requiring visitors to these lands to perform purificatory sacrifices as expiation.Template:Sfn
This negative view of the peoples of the Greater Magadha region by the Vedic peoples extended to the Shakyas, as recorded in the Template:Transliteration, according to which the Template:Transliterations described the Shakyas as "fierce, rough-spoken, touchy and violent", and accused them of not honouring, respecting, esteeming, revering or paying homage to the Template:Transliterations owing to their "menial origin".Template:Sfn
LanguageEdit
The Shakyans were at least bilingual, under the linguistic influence of Munda languages, as attested by many of their villages having Mundari names, and the name of the founder of their clan, which has been recorded in the Sanskrit form Template:Transliteration and the Pali form Template:Transliteration, being of Munda origin.Template:Efn-la
Social organisationEdit
Class systemEdit
The society of the Shakyas and Koliyas was a stratified one which did not subscribe to the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Template:Transliteration]] social organisation consisting of [[Brahmin|Template:Transliteration]]s, [[Kshatriya|Template:Transliteration]]s, [[Vaishya|Template:Transliteration]]s, and [[Shudra|Template:Transliteration]]s, but instead consisted of an aristocratic class of Template:Transliterations and a slave or servant class of Template:Transliterations,Template:Sfn themselves comprising at least an aristocracy, as well as land-owners, attendants, labourers, and serfs.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Landholders held the title of Template:Transliterations, literally meaning "enjoyers (of the right to own land)", and used in the sense of "headmen".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The lower classes of Shakya society consisted of servants, in Pāli called Template:Transliterations (Template:Lit) and Template:Transliterations (Template:Lit), who performed the labour in the farms.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Administrative structureEdit
The Sakyas were organised into a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|Template:Transliteration]] (an aristocratic oligarchic republic) similarly to the Licchavikas.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The assemblyEdit
The heads of the Sakya [[kshatriya|Template:Transliteration]] clans of the Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration formed an Assembly, and they held the title of Template:Transliterations. The position of Template:Transliteration was hereditary, and after a Template:Transliteration's death was passed to his eldest son, who while he was living held the title of Template:Transliteration ("Viceroy").Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The political system of the Sakyas was identical to that of the Koliyas, and like the Koliyas and the other Template:Transliterations, the Assembly met in a santhāgāra, the main of which was located at Kapilavatthu, although at least one other Sakya santhāgāra also existed at Cātuma. The judicial and legislative functions of the Assembly of the Sakyas were not distinctly separated, and it met to discuss important issues concerning public affairs, such as war, peace, and alliances. The Sakya Assembly deliberated on important issues, and it had a simple voting system through either raising hands or the use of wooden chips.Template:Sfn
The councilEdit
Similarly to the other Template:Transliterations, the Sakya Assembly met rarely and it instead had an inner and smaller Council which met more often to administer the republic in the name of the Assembly. The members of the council, titled Template:Transliterations, formed a college which was directly in charge of public affairs of the republic.Template:Sfn
The Template:Transliteration (Consul)Edit
The head of the Sakya republic was an elected chief, which was a position of first among equals similar to Roman consuls and Greek archons, and whose incumbent had the title of Template:Transliteration. The Template:Transliteration was in charge of administering the republic with the help of the council.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Functioning of the assemblyEdit
When sessions of the Assembly were held, the Template:Transliterations gathered in the santhāgāra; while four Template:Transliterations were posted in the four corners or sides of the hall so as to clearly and easily hear the speeches made by the Template:Transliterations; and the consul Template:Transliteration took his appointed seat and put forward the matters to be discussed once the Assembly was ready.Template:Sfn
During the session, the members of the Assembly expressed their views, which the four Template:Transliterations would record. The Assembly was then adjourned, after which the recorders compared their notes, and all the Template:Transliterations came back and waited for the recorders' decision.Template:Sfn
LifestyleEdit
Aristocratic marriage customsEdit
Another reflection of non-Indo-Aryan cultural practices of the Shakyas was the practice of sibling marriages among their ruling clans, which was forbidden among Template:Transliteration peoples, and was a practice of social demarcation and of maintaining power within a smaller sub-group of the Shakya clan, and was therefore not permitted among the lower classes of the Shakya.Template:Sfn
ReligionEdit
Since they lived in the Greater Magadha cultural area, the Shakyas followed non-Vedic religious customs which drastically differed from the Brahmanical tradition,Template:Sfn and even by the time of the Buddha, Brahmanism and the Template:Transliterations had not acquired religious or cultural preponderance in the Greater Magadha area to which Shakya belonged.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It was in this non-Vedic cultural environment that [[Śramaṇa|Template:Transliteration]] movements existed, with one of them, Buddhism, having been founded by the Shakya Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha.Template:Sfn
Sun worshipEdit
The Shakyas worshipped the Sun-god, whom they considered their ancestor,Template:Sfn hence why the Shakya Template:Transliteration clan claimed to be of the Template:Transliteration (Template:Transliteration in Sanskrit) [[gotra|Template:Transliteration]],Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and of the Sūryavaṃśa ("Solar dynasty").Template:Sfn
Origin mythEdit
The Shakya Template:Transliteration clan claimed descent from the Sun-god via his descendant, named Template:Transliteration (in Pāli) and Template:Transliteration (in Sanskrit), and whose eight twin sons and daughters who were married to each other had founded the capital city of the Shakyas and were the tribe's ancestors. This was an origin myth of the ruling status of the Template:Transliteration families of the Shakya clan, who had the right to be represented in the Template:Transliteration, were often related to each other, and possessed adjacent areas of land, thus establishing kinship, which itself helped form rights of landownership, and, therefore, of political authority.Template:Sfn
This myth was also a foundation myth of the city which, as the residence of the ruling families of the clan, the city, which was the centre of political and economic activity, was associated with that clan's [[Janapada|Template:Transliteration]] (territory), and was equated with the whole Template:Transliteration itself.Template:Sfn
The myth of the Shakyas' ancestors being four pairs of married twin siblings was a myth which traced the origins of the ruling Shakya families to a common ancestor, and was also a myth of an early human utopia where humans were born as couples.Template:Sfn
Tree worshipEdit
The important role of the Sāl tree in the life of the Buddha according to the Buddhist texts, as well as his representation as a Bodhi tree and his Enlightenment occurring under one such tree, suggest that the Shakyas practised tree worship, a custom likely derived from Munda religious customs of worshipping sacred groves, and the important role in their traditions of the Sāl tree, whose flowering marks the beginning of their New Year and Flower Feast festivals: the Santal tribe worship the Sāl tree and gather to make communal decisions under them Sāl trees.Template:Sfn
The importance of the tree spirits called [[Yaksha|Template:Transliterations and Template:Transliterations]] in Pali (Template:Transliterations and Template:Transliterations in Sanskrit) in early Buddhist texts is an attestation of the worship of these beings done at Template:Transliteration [[cetiya|Template:Transliteration]]s. The worship of Template:Transliterations and Template:Transliterations, which was of pre-Indo-Aryan autochthonous origin, was prevalent in the Greater Magadha region.Template:Sfn
Serpent worshipEdit
The [[nāga|Template:Transliteration]] king Mucalinda, who in Buddhist mythology protected the Buddha during a storm under a mucalinda tree, was a both snake- and a tree-deity, thus alluding to the practice of serpent worship among the Shakyas, which originated from among the pre-Indo-Aryan Tibeto-Burman populations of northern South Asia.Template:Sfn
Funerary customsEdit
The cremation rituals of the Shakyas which were performed for the funeral of the Buddha as described by Buddhist texts involved wrapping his body in 500 layers of cloth, placing it in an iron vat full of oil as a mark of honour, and then covering it with another iron pot before being cremated. These rites originated from the pre-Indo-Aryan autochthonous populations of the eastern Gangetic plains, as were the practices such as honouring the Buddha's body with singing, dancing, and music, as well as placing his bones in a golden urn, the veneration of these remains and their burial in a round [[stupa|Template:Transliteration]] which possessed a central mast, flags, pennants, and parasols at a public crossroads, which were rituals that were performed by the pre-Indo-Aryan populations for their greater rulers.Template:Sfn