Shiveluch
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox mountain
Shiveluch (Template:Lang-rus), also called Sheveluch, which originates from the name "suelich" which means "smoking mountain" in Itelmen<ref name="ksc1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is the northernmost active volcano in Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It and Karymsky are Kamchatka's largest, most active and most continuously erupting volcanoes, as well as one of the most active on the planet. Shiveluch erupts around Template:Convert of magma per year, which causes frequent and large hot avalanches and lava dome formations at the summit.<ref name="history">Template:Cite journal</ref> Volcanic ash emissions from this volcano often disrupt air traffic connecting the Asian and North American continents.
GeographyEdit
Shiveluch belongs to the Kliuchevskaya volcano group, located in central Kamchatka Template:Convert northwest of Ust-Kamchatsk.<ref name="vesti">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The nearest settlement from the volcano is Klyuchi, situated Template:Convert from the mountain.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The settlement is small enough to evacuate rapidly in case of a major eruption.<ref name="vesti"/>
Geologic settingEdit
Shiveluch is a volcano within the Kuril–Kamchatka volcanic arc which hosts tens of other volcanoes. As the Pacific Plate crust subducts deeper under the Okhotsk Plate, the melting points of minerals underground are reduced by other materials including water which results in the materials melting and forming into magma which rises onto the surface and forms the volcanoes.
StructureEdit
There are three elements of the volcano: the stratovolcano Old Shiveluch (Старый Шивелуч); an ancient caldera; and the active Young Shiveluch (Молодой Шивелуч), with an elevation of about Template:Convert.<ref name="ginras">Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka / Shiveluch</ref> Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures.<ref name="gvp"/> It is a stratovolcano composed of alternating layers of solidified ash, hardened lava and volcanic rocks.<ref name="nasa2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Geologic historyEdit
Shiveluch began forming about 60,000 to 70,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene, and it has had at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene.<ref name="gvp"/> During this era, the most intense period of volcanism — including frequent large and moderate eruptions — occurred around 6500–6400 BC, 2250–2000 BC, and AD 50–650. This coincides with the peak of activity in other Kamchatka volcanoes. The current active period started around 900 BC. Since then, the large and moderate eruptions have been following each other at 50-to-400-year-long intervals.<ref name="gm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chemically a full spectrum of subduction-zone lava types occur: basalt, mafic andesite, two-pyroxene andesite, hornblende-hypersthene andesite, hornblende andesite, hornblende dacite, rhyolite.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Modern activityEdit
Catastrophic eruptions took place in 1854 and 1964, when a large part of the lava dome collapsed and created a devastating debris avalanche.<ref name="vesti">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The most recent period of volcanic activity began with the eruption of Young Shiveluch on 15 August 1999, and continues Template:As of.<ref name="gvp"/> On 27 February 2015, Shiveluch erupted shooting ash into the atmosphere about Template:Convert crossing the Bering Sea and into Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
April 2023 eruptionEdit
Since mid-2022, volcanologists were expecting an imminent large eruption of Shiveluch due to the unstable state of its lava dome.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A strong eruption occurred on 11 April 2023 at 00.54 local time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A progressive increase in activity was observed since 28 March in the form of continued extrusion, fumarole activity, and ash emissions.<ref name=gvp11042023>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the initial paroxysmal explosive phase on 11 April, the volcano ejected a cloud of volcanic gas and ash that reached a height of Template:Convert and spread over an area of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=gvp11042023/> Pyroclastic flows from the eruption traveled up to Template:Convert away from the volcano.<ref name=gvp11042023/> The next day, other summit explosions followed, the eruption column of one of which reached an altitude of Template:Convert. The initial phase resulted in the region's largest ashfall in 60 years. The Federal Air Transport Agency assigned the eruption a “red” (maximum) hazard code.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Because the height of the eruption columns reached the stratosphere, 200,000 tons of sulfur dioxide were released into the upper atmosphere.<ref name=gvp11042023/> According to authorities, this eruption, with the exception of heavy ashfall, did not lead to any damage to local settlements and transport infrastructure.
Analysis of radar images from satellites on 15 April showed that the main eruption occurred as a result of the collapse of the lava dome of the volcano to the south, with the formation of a 2 × 2.6 km (1.2 × 1.6 mi) collapse scar in its place. Initially, the collapse process was triggered by a breach of the dome at its base and by the subsequent lateral explosion to the southeast. Thus, the eruption classifies as Peléan.<ref name=vd15042023>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 12 April, the activity of the volcano decreased, but the eruption continued in the form of ash ejections of lower intensity and height, and strong fumarole activity continued. Infra-red satellite images on 16 April showed that the volcano is forming a new lava dome inside its new crater.<ref name=vb17042023>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
August 2024 eruptionEdit
On 18 August 2024 an eruption of Shiveluch occurred<ref>На Камчатке начал извергаться вулкан Шивелуч, TASS, August 17, 2024</ref> following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake off the coast of Kamchatka Krai, sending an ash cloud Template:Convert high,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and with a length of Template:Convert heading east and southeast. A "code red" warning was issued for aircraft in the area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Shiveluch activity (ash plume), 2012-11-06.png
Activity on 6 November 2012
- Jan 2011 Activity at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg
The heat signature of a pyroclastic flow on Shiveluch in January 2011
- Feb 2011 Pyroclastic Flow Remnants at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg
This false-colour satellite image shows the remnants of a large pyroclastic flow on the slopes of Shiveluch.
- 2010 Activity at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg
Activity on 7 September 2010
- Volcanic Plume over Shiveluch Volcano 2010-02-13.jpg
Activity on 13 February 2010
- Shiveluch activity, 2009-10-03.jpg
Activity on 3 October 2009
- Plume from Shiveluch Volcano.jpg
Shiveluch releases a small plume of vapour, 2009
- Shiveluch eruption.jpg
Activity on 9 May 2004
- Sheveluch, Kamchatka.jpeg
Activity (red dot) on 17 September 2002
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Early 2023 eruptions at Shiveluch & Bezymianny. NASA Earth Observatory images & commentary, April 12, 2023
- Shiveluch at map
- Webcam of Shiveluch
- Shiveluch activity at official site of Institute Volcanology and Seismology DVO RAS
- Article about volcano at official site
- Shiveluch at Global Volcanism Program
- Shiveluch at Volcano Live
- Article about volcano Shiveluch
- Google Maps satellite image
