Sicherheitspolizei
Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Infobox government agency The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} often abbreviated as SiPo, is a German term meaning "security police". In the Nazi era, it referred to the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kriminalpolizei (criminal police; Kripo) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was incorporated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of World War II in Europe.
OriginsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The term originated in August 1919 when the Reichswehr set up the Sicherheitswehr as a militarised police force to take action during times of riots or strikes. Owing to limitations in army numbers, it was renamed the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to avoid attention. They wore a green uniform, and were sometimes called the "Green Police". It was a military body, recruiting largely from the Freikorps, with NCOs and officers from the old Imperial German Army.Template:Sfn
Nazi eraEdit
When the Nazis came to national power in 1933, Germany, as a federal state, had myriad local and centralized police agencies, which often were un-coordinated and had overlapping jurisdictions. Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich's plan was to fully absorb all the police and security apparatus into the structure of the Schutzstaffel (SS).Template:Sfn To this end, Himmler took command first of the Gestapo (itself developed from the Prussian Secret Police). Then on 17 June 1936 all police forces throughout Germany were united, following Adolf Hitler's appointment of Himmler as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police).Template:Sfn As such he was nominally subordinate to Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, but in practice Himmler answered only to Hitler.Template:Sfn
Himmler immediately reorganised the police, with the state agencies statutorily divided into two groups: the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police; Orpo), consisting of both the national uniformed police and the municipal police, and the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Security Police; SiPo), consisting of the Kripo and Gestapo.Template:Sfn Heydrich was appointed chief of the SiPo and was already head of the party Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service; SD) and the Gestapo.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The two police branches were commonly known as the Orpo and SiPo (Kripo and Gestapo combined), respectively.Template:Sfn
The idea was to fully identify and integrate the party agency (SD) with the state agency (SiPo).Template:Sfn Most of the SiPo members were encouraged or volunteered to become members of the SS and many held a rank in both organisations. Nevertheless, in practice there was jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo.Template:Sfn The Kripo kept a level of independence since its structure was longer-established.Template:Sfn Himmler founded the Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei in order to create a centralized main office under Heydrich's overall command of the SiPo.Template:Sfn
The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS under the SiPo and SD.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Einsatzgruppen had its origins in the ad hoc Einsatzkommando formed by Heydrich to secure government buildings and documents following the Anschluss in Austria in March 1938.Template:Sfn Originally part of the SiPo, two units of Einsatzgruppen were stationed in the Sudetenland in October 1938. When military action turned out not to be necessary because of the Munich Agreement, the Einsatzgruppen were assigned to confiscate government papers and police documents. They also secured government buildings, questioned senior civil servants, and arrested as many as 10,000 Czech communists and German citizens.Template:Sfn
MergerEdit
In September 1939, with the founding of the Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA), the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as a functioning state agency ceased to exist as the department was merged into the RSHA.Template:Sfn Further, the RSHA obtained overall command of the Einsatzgruppen units from that time forward. Members of the Einsatzgruppen units at this point were drawn from the SS, the SD and the police.Template:Sfn They were used during the invasion of Poland to forcefully de-politicise the Polish people and murder members of groups most clearly identified with Polish national identity: the intelligentsia, members of the clergy, teachers, and members of the nobility.Template:Sfn When the units were re-formed prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the men of the Einsatzgruppen were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo and Waffen-SS.Template:Sfn These mobile death squads were active in the implementation of the Final Solution in the territories overrun by the Nazi forces.Template:Sfn
See alsoEdit
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Template:SS organizations Template:Einsatzgruppen Template:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany Template:Authority control