Sidney Rigdon

Sidney Rigdon (February 19, 1793 – July 14, 1876) was a leader during the early history of the Latter Day Saint movement.

Biography

Early life

Rigdon was born in St. Clair Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, on February 19, 1793.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> He was the youngest of four children of William and Nancy Rigdon. Rigdon's father was a farmer and a native of Harford County, Maryland. He died in 1810.

According to an account by his son John M. Rigdon, young Rigdon Template:Qi<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rigdon remained on the farm until his mother sold it in 1818.

Baptist ministry and tanner

On May 31, 1817, Rigdon was baptized by Rev. Phillips, and he became a member of the Peter's Creek Baptist Church of Library, Pennsylvania.<ref name="sidneyrigdon.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1818, Rigdon moved to North Sewickley to become an apprentice to Baptist minister Rev. Andrew Clark. Rigdon received his license to preach for the Regular Baptists in March 1819.

Rigdon moved in May to Trumbull County, Ohio, where he jointly preached with Adamson Bentley from July 1819. He married Bentley's wife's sister, Phoebe Brooks, in June 1820. Rigdon remained in Ohio until February 1822, when he returned to Pittsburgh to accept the pastorate of the First Baptist Church there under the recommendation of Alexander Campbell.<ref>Times and Seasons May 1, 1843. p. 177 in 1986 reprint by Independence Press, Template:ISBN</ref>

Rigdon and Bentley had journeyed to meet Campbell in the summer of 1821 to learn more about the Baptist who was encountering opposition to his idea that the New Testament should hold priority over the Old Testament in the Christian church. They engaged in lengthy discussions, with both men joining the Disciples of Christ movement associated with Campbell.

On January 28, 1822, Rigdon arrived in Pittsburgh to become a minister at the First Baptist Church.<ref name="sidneyrigdon.com"/> Rigdon's ministry met with opposition from member Rev. John Winter, and on July 11, 1823, a schism split the congregation, with each side disfellowshipping the other. On October 11, Rigdon was "excluded from the Redstone Association Baptist Denomination", of which the First Baptist Church was a member.<ref name="sidneyrigdon.com"/>

From 1824 to 1826, Rigdon worked as a journeyman tanner in Pittsburgh, while preaching Campbell's Restorationism on Sundays in the courthouse. He also worked as a journeyman printer for the Philadelphia publisher Paterson.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1826, Rigdon became the pastor of the more liberal Baptist church in Mentor, Ohio, in the Western Reserve.

Latter Day Saint leader in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois (1830–44)

Template:Book of Mormon Many prominent early Latter Day Saint leaders, including Parley P. Pratt, Isaac Morley, and Edward Partridge, were members of Rigdon's congregations prior to their conversion to the Church of Christ founded by Joseph Smith.

Early involvement

File:Sidney Rigdon Preaching his First Mormon Sermon.PNG

Sidney Rigdon preaching his first Mormon sermon

In early September 1830, Rigdon's associate, Pratt, was baptized into the Church of Christ founded by Smith. In October, Pratt and Ziba Peterson began a mission to preach to the American Indians.

They visited Rigdon and his wife, Phoebe, in Ohio. Rigdon read the Book of Mormon in fourteen days, proclaimed its truthfulness, and was baptized into the church on November 14, 1830, in Mentor, Ohio.<ref name=":1" /> He proceeded to convert hundreds of members of his Ohio congregations. In December 1830, Rigdon traveled to New York, where he met Joseph Smith.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was then ordained a high priest on June 3, 1831.<ref name=":1" />

Rigdon was a fiery orator, and he was immediately called by Smith to be the spokesman for the church. He also served as a scribe and helped with Smith's re-translation of the Bible.

Rigdon as revelator

Rigdon reportedly received visions jointly with Smith. According to one account: Template:Qi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kirtland, Ohio, 1830–37

In December 1830, Smith said he received a revelation counseling members of the church in New York to gather to Kirtland, Ohio. Many of the doctrines Rigdon's group had experimented with found place in the combined movement, such as living with all things in common.

August/September 1831: Rigdon rebuked

In August 1831, Smith announced that he had received a revelation admonishing Rigdon for exalting himself: Template:Qi<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

March 1832: Tarred and feathered

Smith relocated to Hiram, Ohio, in September 1831. Smith and Rigdon were tarred and feathered at the John Johnson Farm on March 24, 1832. Smith recorded: Template:Qi<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

July 1832: "Rigdon's depression"

On July 5, 1832, Rigdon taught that Template:Qi<ref name="boap.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In response, Hyrum Smith traveled to retrieve Joseph Smith, who returned to Kirtland on July 7. Joseph Smith rebuked Rigdon, and publicly prophesied that Template:Qi<ref name="boap.org"/>

Reportedly, Template:Qi<ref name="boap.org"/>

On July 28, Smith re-ordained Rigdon to the high priesthood after Rigdon had Template:Qi.

First Presidency

On March 18, 1833,<ref name=":1" /> Smith organized the church's First Presidency and set apart Jesse Gause and Rigdon as his first two counselors. Smith and Rigdon became close partners, and Rigdon tended to supplant Oliver Cowdery, the original "Second Elder" of the church.

Rigdon became a strong advocate of the construction of the Kirtland Temple.Template:Citation needed He gave a "powerful discourse" in March 1836 at the temple's dedication.<ref name=":1" /> When the church founded the Kirtland Safety Society, Rigdon became the bank's president and Smith served as its cashier. When the bank failed in 1837, Rigdon and Smith were both blamed by Mormon dissenters.Template:Citation needed Rigdon supervised the church in Kirtland in Smith's absence, and taught at the Kirtland School.<ref name=":1" />

Far West, Missouri, 1838

Rigdon and Smith moved to Far West, Missouri, and established a new church headquarters there.

According to one report, while the Mormons were encamped at Adam-ondi-Ahman, Rigdon criticized Smith and others who were engaged in recreational wrestling on Sunday. Rigdon reportedly Template:Qi. Smith Template:Qi. Reportedly, Template:Qi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As spokesman for the First Presidency, Rigdon preached several controversial sermons in Missouri, including the Salt Sermon and the July 4th Oration.<ref>Oration Delivered by Mr. S. Rigdon on the 4th of July at Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri, 1838</ref> These speeches have sometimes been seen as contributing to the conflict known as the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri.

As a result of the conflict, the Mormons were expelled from the state, and Rigdon and Smith were arrested and imprisoned in Liberty Jail.<ref name=":1" /> Rigdon was released on a writ of habeas corpus and made his way to Illinois, where he joined the main body of Mormon refugees in 1839.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Nauvoo, Illinois, 1839–44

Smith and his followers were allowed to escape from Liberty Jail in Missouri as ordered by Governor Boggs, and so they were released by a sheriff on their way to stand trial. Smith went on to found the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. Rigdon continued to act as church spokesman and gave a speech at the ground-breaking of the Nauvoo Temple. On June 1, 1841, Sidney Rigdon was ordained as a "Prophet, Seer, and Revelator".Template:Sfn

However, Smith and Rigdon's relationship began to deteriorate in Nauvoo. Rigdon's participation in church administrative affairs became minimal. He did not reside in Nauvoo and served in a local church presidency in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was also in poor health.

In the summer of 1842, John C. Bennett, accused Smith of attempting to take Rigdon's daughter Nancy Rigdon as a plural wife. According to Bennett, Nancy rejected the proposal. The accusation led to a confrontation between the Rigdon and Smith families wherein Smith denied having raised the issue with Nancy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

October 1843: Smith attempts to replace Rigdon

In October 1843, a Special Conference was called to consider "the case and standing of Elder Sidney Rigdon".<ref name="restorationisten.fairmormon.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Joseph Smith "stated his dissatisfaction" with Rigdon. Charges were leveled that Rigdon had disloyal correspondences with John C. Bennett, former Governor Carlin, and "the Missourians". Rigdon was also accused to "leaguing with dishonest persons in endeavoring to defraud the innocent". In "indirect testimony" from Porter Rockwell's mother, Rigdon was accused of having had been responsible for informing others about Smith's visit to Dixon and instructing them to arrest him while there.<ref name="restorationisten.fairmormon.org"/>

Smith told the conference that, in light of the charges, Smith requested Rigdon be replaced as First Counselor.<ref name="restorationisten.fairmormon.org"/>

The Times and Seasons and the History of the Church both record that Rigdon addressed the conference, denied the charges and made a "moving appeal"; they record Template:Qi. A vote was called, and the congregation held that Rigdon would be permitted to retain his position.<ref name="restorationisten.fairmormon.org"/>

According to the Times and Seasons, Smith had Template:Qi and Template:Qi, despite a Template:Qi. Alternately, the History of the Church records that Smith replied to the vote by saying, Template:Qi<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Joseph Smith (B. H. Roberts (ed), 1902) History of the Church, vol. 6, p. 49</ref>

1844: Rigdon as Vice-Presidential candidate

When Smith began his campaign for the presidency of the United States in 1844, Rigdon was selected as his vice-presidential running mate. After Smith's death, Rigdon was the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. (The other members were John Smith, who was an assistant counselor, and Amasa Lyman, who was a counselor.) During this time, Rigdon was strongly opposed to polygamy and other innovations within the church.<ref name="McKiernan 1979 p">Template:HarvnbTemplate:Page needed</ref>

Aftermath of Smith's death

Joseph Smith was killed in 1844. Prior to Smith's death, the First Presidency had made nearly all the major decisions for the church. In 1841, Rigdon had been ordained by Smith as a "Prophet, Seer, and Revelator",Template:Sfn as had all other members of the First Presidency and of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church.

Rigdon returned to Nauvoo on August 3, and the next day he announced at a public meeting that he had received a revelation appointing him "Guardian of the Church".<ref>MHBY-1, 171</ref> The president of the central stake, William Marks, supported Rigdon.

At an August 8 conference, Rigdon argued that he should be made the "Protector" of the church."<ref>B. H. Roberts (ed, 1902) History of the Church, vol. 7, ch. 18.</ref> Brigham Young, president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, opposed this motion and asserted a claim for the primacy of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.<ref>B. H. Roberts (ed, 1902) History of the Church, vol. 7, ch. 19.</ref> The Quorum of Twelve Apostles were scattered throughout the United States and Europe at the time of Smith's death. The members of the quorum available in Illinois, in addition to a gathered assembly, voted to deny Rigdon his claim for church leadership.<ref>History of the Church, vol. 7, ch. 19.</ref> Rigdon felt this action was done without proper order.

One month later, on September 8, Rigdon was excommunicated from the church by a Common Council of the Church, which had been convened by Presiding Bishop Newel K. Whitney.<ref>J. M. Grant's RIGDON: Collection of Facts, Relative to the Course Taken by Elder Sidney Rigdon, in the States of Ohio, Missouri, Illinois and Pennsylvania. By Jedediah M. Grant, One of the Quorum of Seventies., pp. 20–37</ref> Rigdon refused to attend this trial,<ref>Jedediah M. Grant, "A Collection of Facts, Relative to the Course Taken By Elder Sidney Rigdon: In the States of Ohio, Missouri, Illinois and Pennsylvania", Part IV, Brown, Bicking & Guilbert, Printers, 1844</ref> after which he, in turn, likewise excommunicated the members of the Twelve. Rigdon fled Nauvoo, claiming that he felt threatened by Young's supporters.<ref name="McKiernan 1979 p"/>

File:Sidney Rigdon 1873.PNG

Sidney Rigdon in 1873

Latter Day Saint leader in Pennsylvania and New York, 1845–76

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} After the succession schism, Rigdon solidified and led an independent faction of Latter Day Saints, originally called the "Church of Christ", but at one point was called as the Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion.<ref name="shilds">Template:Citation</ref><ref name=Cadman>Template:Citation</ref> This sect is often referred to as the Rigdonites. The Latter Day Saints who followed Rigdon separated themselves and settled in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. On April 6, 1845, Rigdon presided over a conference of the Church of Christ, which he claimed was the rightful continuation of the church founded by Smith.<ref>E. Pitzer (1997). America's Communal Utopias (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Richard Press) p. 484</ref><ref>Howard, "William E. McLellin: 'Mormonism's Stormy Petrel'" in Roger D. Launius and Linda Thatcher (eds) (1998). Dissenters in Mormon History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 76–101.</ref> He then reorganized the First Presidency and called his own Quorum of Twelve Apostles.

Although Rigdon's church briefly flourished through the publication of his periodical, The Messenger and Advocate, quarrels and bickering among the Rigdonites led most members of the church to desert the senior leader by 1847. A few loyalists, notably William Bickerton, eventually reorganized the church in 1862 under the name The Church of Jesus Christ.

Rigdon lived on for many years in Pennsylvania and New York. He maintained his testimony of the Book of Mormon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and clung to his claims that he was the rightful heir to Joseph Smith.Template:Citation needed He died in Friendship, New York, on July 14, 1876.<ref name=":1" />

Significance in the Latter Day Saint movement

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Following the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, a succession crisis led to schisms within the movement. The Brigham Young branch traveled west to Utah, while Rigdon traveled eastward to Pittsburgh.

Rigdon's branch faced less success, modernly accounting for only a small fraction of practicing Latter Day Saints.<ref name = Cadman/><ref>12,136 as of 2007;</ref><ref name="Jesus Christ 2007">"The Church of Jesus Christ: General Business and Organization Conference Minutes." Bridgewater, MI: The Church of Jesus Christ. 2007. pp. 4399.</ref>

As early as 1834, skeptics were promoting what has become known as the Spalding-Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship, in which Rigdon plays a central role.

Churches tracing their leadership through Rigdon

Name	Organized by	Date	Split off / Continuation of	Current status	Notes
Template:AnchorChurch of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion<ref name="shilds"/><ref name="Cadman"/>	Template:Sort	1844	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints	Dissolved by 1847	Originally also used the name "Church of Christ". Also known as Rigdonites.
Template:AnchorThe Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)<ref name = Cadman/>	Template:Sort	1862	Organized by former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion (Rigdonites), by then defunct	12,136 as of 2007;<ref name="Jesus Christ 2007"/> headquartered in Monongahela, Pennsylvania	Adherents commonly referred to as Bickertonites (church actively opposes use of this term).
Template:AnchorReorganized Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)	Template:Sort	1907	Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)	Defunct	Dispute over nature of life in the millennium split Bickertonite Quorum of the Twelve in two; later merged with the Primitive Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite).
Template:AnchorPrimitive Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)	Template:Sort	1914	Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)	Defunct	Rejected the First Presidency as a valid leadership organization of the church; later merged with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite).

Rigdon as purported author of the Book of Mormon

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Rigdon has been named as a potential author for the Book of Mormon. According to this theory, Rigdon obtained from a Pittsburgh publisher a manuscript for a historical novel written by Solomon Spalding, and by reworking it and adding a theological component, created the Book of Mormon.

The theory that Sidney Rigdon was the true author of the Book of Mormon first appeared in print in an August 31, 1831, article by James Gordon Bennett, who had visited the Palmyra/Manchester area and interviewed several residents.<ref>Template:Citation in Template:Citation.</ref> The theory of Rigdon's use of a Spalding manuscript first appeared in print in the 1834 book Mormonism Unvailed. The theory also later appeared in 1867 in Origin, Rise, and Progress of Mormonism by Pomeroy Tucker, in which he says Smith was visited by a "mysterious stranger" as early as 1827, who Tucker implies played a role in the creation of the Book of Mormon and later identifies the stranger as Rigdon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

This theory and the testimony of Rigdon to his son John, just prior to Rigdon's death and long after he had ceased an affiliation with any of the sects of Mormonism, contradict each other: Template:Qi However, Rigdon's grandson, Walter Sidney Rigdon, stated in an interview that the family knew that the "Golden Bible" was a hoax, contrived by Rigdon and Joseph Smith, to make money and that it was based on the Spalding manuscript.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A 2008 computer analysis of the Book of Mormon text supports this theory, although the study does not include Joseph Smith in the author sample on the ground that few pure examples of Smith's writings are extant.<ref name=":0">Template:Citation</ref> Several other significant problems are apparent in the methodology of this computer analysis, specifically the use of closed set methodology instead of open set methodology. For example, the original methodology, when replicated, also assigns Rigdon as the probable author of The Federalist Papers, which were written five years before his birth.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

References

• Template:Citation.
• Template:Citation.
• Template:Cite book.
• Template:Citation.
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Citation.
• Template:Citation.
• Template:Citation.
• Template:Citation.
• Template:Citation. Digital reprint of excerpts by sidneyrigdon.com.

External links

• Biography of Sidney Rigdon, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• Biographical material on Sidney Rigdon, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• Sidney Rigdon letters, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• Sidney Rigdon sermon, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• Paul Jensen research file on Sidney Rigdon, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University