Sigismund Báthory

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Good article Template:Eastern name order Template:Infobox royalty Sigismund Báthory (Template:Langx; 1573 – 27 March 1613) was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duke of Racibórz and Opole in Silesia in 1598. His father, Christopher Báthory, ruled Transylvania as voivode (or deputy) of the absent prince, Stephen Báthory. Sigismund was still a child when the Diet of Transylvania elected him voivode at his dying father's request in 1581. Initially, regency councils administered Transylvania on his behalf, but Stephen Báthory made János Ghyczy the sole regent in 1585. Sigismund adopted the title of prince after Stephen Báthory died.

The Diet proclaimed Sigismund to be of age in 1588, but only after he agreed to expel the Jesuits. Pope Sixtus V excommunicated him, but the ban was lifted in 1590, and the Jesuits returned a year later. His blatant favoritism towards the Catholics made him unpopular among his Protestant subjects. He decided to join the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire. Since he could not convince the Diet to support his plan, he renounced the throne in July 1594, but the commanders of the army convinced him to revoke his abdication. At their proposal, he purged the noblemen who opposed the war against the Ottomans. He officially joined the Holy League and married Maria Christina of Habsburg, a niece of the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II. The marriage was never consummated.

Michael the Brave, Voivode of Wallachia, and Ștefan Răzvan, Voivode of Moldavia, acknowledged his suzerainty. Their united forces defeated an Ottoman army in the Battle of Giurgiu. The triumph was followed by a series of Ottoman victories, and Sigismund abdicated in favor of Rudolph II in early 1598, receiving the duchies of Racibórz and Opole as a compensation. His maternal uncle, Stephen Bocskai, persuaded him to return in late summer, but he could not make peace with the Ottoman Empire. He renounced Transylvania in favor of Andrew Báthory and settled in Poland in 1599. During the following years, Transylvania was regularly pillaged by unpaid mercenaries and Ottoman marauders. Sigismund returned at the head of a Polish army in 1601, but he could not strengthen his position. He again abdicated in favor of Rudolph and settled in Bohemia in June 1602. After he was accused of a conspiracy against the emperor, he spent fourteen months in jail in Prague in 1610 and 1611. He died at his Bohemian estate.

Early lifeEdit

Sigismund was the son of Christopher Báthory and his second wife, Elisabeth Bocskai.Template:Sfn He was born in Várad (now Oradea in Romania) in 1573, according to the Transylvanian historian, István Szamosközy.Template:Sfn At the time of Sigismund's birth, his uncle, Stephen Báthory, was the voivode of Transylvania.Template:Sfn After being elected King of Poland in late 1575, Stephen Báthory adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Sigismund's father voivode.Template:Sfn Stephen Báthory set up a separate chancellery in Kraków to supervise the administration of the principality.Template:Sfn

Sigismund's father and uncle were Roman Catholic, but his mother was Calvinist.Template:Sfn According to the Jesuit Antonio Possevino, Sigismund demonstrated his devotion to Catholicism already at the age of seven.Template:Sfn His mother mocked him for his piety, saying that he only wanted to secure his uncle's goodwill.Template:Sfn Sigismund was especially hostile towards the Anti-Trinitarians in his youth.Template:Sfn His mother died in early 1581.Template:Sfn

ReignEdit

VoivodeEdit

Christopher Báthory fell seriously ill after his wife's death.Template:Sfn At his request, the Diet of Transylvania elected Sigismund voivode in Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca in Romania) around 15Template:NbspMay 1581.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Since Sigismund was still a minor, his dying father tasked a council of twelve noblemen with the government.Template:Sfn Christopher Báthory's cousin, Dénes Csáky, and his brother-in-law, Stephen Bocskai, headed the council.Template:Sfn Christopher Báthory died on 27Template:NbspMay.Template:Sfn

File:Partium1570.PNG

Principality of Transylvania shortly before Sigismund's birth

The Ottoman Sultan, Murad III, confirmed Sigismund's election on 3Template:NbspJuly 1581, reminding him of his obligation to pay a yearly tribute of 15,000 florins.Template:Sfn However, Pál Márkházy, a young nobleman who lived in Istanbul, offered to double the tribute and to pay an additional tax of 100,000 florins if he was made the ruler of Transylvania.Template:Sfn The Grand Vizier, Koca Sinan Pasha, supported Márkházy's claim.Template:Sfn Taking advantage of the situation, Murad demanded the same payments from Sigismund, but Stephen Báthory and the "Three Nations of Transylvania" resisted.Template:Sfn After receiving the customary tribute from Transylvania, the sultan again confirmed Sigismund's rule in November 1581.Template:Sfn

Stephen Báthory who took charge of Sigismund's education confirmed the position of his Jesuit tutors, János Leleszi and Gergely Vásárhelyi.Template:Sfn According to Szamosközy, Stephen Báthory also ordered Sigismund's companions to talk of foreign lands, wars, and hunting with him during their dinners together.Template:Sfn He reorganized the government on 3Template:NbspMay 1583, charging Sándor Kendi, Farkas Kovacsóczy, and László Sombori with the administration of Transylvania during Sigismund's minority.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Diet suggested to Stephen Báthory that he dismiss them, but he only dissolved the council on 1Template:NbspMay 1585.Template:Sfn He replaced the three councillors with the devout Calvinist János Ghyczy, making him regent for Sigismund.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Prince under guardianshipEdit

Sigismund adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania after Stephen Báthory died on 13 December 1586.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He was still a minor, and Ghyczy continued to rule as regent.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund was one of the candidates to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Template:Sfn His advisors knew that he had little chance to win, but they wanted to demonstrate that the Báthorys had a valid claim to rule the Commonwealth.Template:Sfn Kovacsóczy officially announced Sigismund's application at the Sejm (or general assembly) on 14Template:NbspAugust 1587.Template:Sfn Five days later, the assembly elected Sigismund III Vasa king.Template:Sfn During the ensuing war of succession, Transylvanian troops supported SigismundTemplate:NbspIII against Maximilian of Habsburg, who had also laid claim to Poland and Lithuania.Template:Sfn

Sigismund's cousins, Balthasar and Stephen Báthory, returned from Poland to Transylvania.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Balthasar wanted to take charge of the government, making his court at Fogaras (present-day Făgăraș in Romania) the center of those who opposed Ghyczy's rule.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Kovacsóczy, the chancellor of Transylvania, remained neutral in the conflict.Template:Sfn

In October 1588 the Diet proposed to declare the sixteen-year-old Sigismund of age if he banished the Jesuits from Transylvania.Template:Sfn He did not accept the offer, mainly because he did not want to expel his confessor, Alfonso Carillo.Template:Sfn The Diet was dissolved, but Sigismund's cousins convinced him not to resist the Diet, which was dominated by Protestant delegates.Template:Sfn The Diet was again summoned in late 1588; on 8Template:NbspDecember it ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits and declared Sigismund to be of age.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Internal conflictsEdit

Sigismund took the customary oath of the Transylvanian monarchs on 23Template:NbspDecember 1588.Template:Sfn Pope Sixtus V excommunicated him for the expulsion of the Jesuits.Template:Sfn Sigismund's cousin, Cardinal Andrew Báthory, urged the pope to lift the ban, saying that the prince's Protestant advisors had forced him to throw out the priests.Template:Sfn The pope authorized Sigismund to employ a confessor in May 1589, and the excommunication was revoked on Easter 1590.Template:Sfn

Sigismund made several attempts to strengthen the position of the Roman Catholic Church, especially by appointing Catholics to the highest positions of state administration.Template:Sfn Carillo and other Jesuit priests returned to Sigismund's court in disguise in early 1591.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund met Andrew and Balthasar Báthory in August to seek their support for the legalization of the Jesuits' presence, but they refused to stand by the priests at the Diet.Template:Sfn

File:Baltazar Batory.jpg

Sigismund's cousin and rival, Balthasar Báthory

Sigismund dispatched his favorite, István Jósika, to Tuscany to start negotiations regarding his marriage to Eleonora Orsini (a niece of Ferdinando I de' Medici), although his cousins had sharply opposed Jósika's appointment.Template:Sfn He also invited Italian artists and artisans to his court, making them his advisors or butlers.Template:Sfn Szamosközy described them as "the trashiest representatives of the noblest nation".Template:Sfn The delegates of the "Three Nations" criticized Sigismund for his prodigal way of life at the Diet in Gyulafehérvár in November.Template:Sfn To reduce his authority, the Diet prescribed that Sigismund should only make decisions in the royal council.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund deprived his cousins of the allowances that the royal treasury had paid to them.Template:Sfn

Gossip about conspiracies spread during the following months.Template:Sfn Sándor Kendi accused Sigismund's former tutor, János Gálffy, of deliberately stirring up debates between the prince and his cousins.Template:Sfn Other courtiers claimed that Balthasar Báthory was planning to dethrone Sigismund.Template:Sfn A Jesuit priest was informed at Vienna that Gálffy and his allies wanted to murder the prince and his cousins.Template:Sfn In late 1591 Sigismund stated that he was willing to renounce in favor of Balthasar if the members of the royal council favored his cousin.Template:Sfn His offer was refused, but during the debate Kendi referred to Sigismund and Balthasar as the "two monsters and greatest disasters of the Transylvanian realm".Template:Sfn Pope Clement VIII's legate, Attilio Amalteo, mediated a reconciliation between Sigismund and his cousins in the summer of 1592.Template:Sfn The pope also urged Sigismund to marry a Catholic princess from the House of Lorraine.Template:Sfn

At the demand of the sultan, Transylvania troops assisted Aaron the Tyrant, Voivode of Moldavia.Template:Sfn The sultan also ordered Sigismund to pay double the amount of the yearly tribute.Template:Sfn Balthasar Báthory murdered Sigismund's secretary, Pál Gyulai, on 10Template:NbspDecember 1592.Template:Sfn He also persuaded Sigismund to order the execution of Gálffy on 8Template:NbspMarch 1593.Template:Sfn That summer, Sigismund went to Kraków in disguise to start negotiations regarding his marriage with Anna, the sister of SigismundTemplate:NbspIII of Poland.Template:Sfn The Holy See had proposed the marriage, which could have enabled Sigismund to rule Poland during the absence of the king, who was also King of Sweden, but the plan came to nothing.Template:Sfn

Murad III declared war against the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph in August.Template:Sfn The sultan ordered Sigismund to send reinforcements to support the Ottoman army in Royal Hungary.Template:Sfn According to diplomatic sources, the grand vizier was planning to occupy Transylvania.Template:Sfn At the proposal of Jan Zamoyski, Chancellor of Poland, Sigismund sent envoys to Elizabeth I of England, asking her to intervene on his behalf at the Sublime Porte.Template:Sfn She ordered her ambassador at Istanbul, Edward Barton, to support Sigismund.Template:Sfn

Pope Clement VIII wanted to persuade Sigismund to join the Holy League that the pope had organized against the Ottoman Empire.Template:Sfn After Rudolph's troops defeated the Ottomans in a series of battles in the autumn of 1593, Sigismund decided to join the Holy League, provided that Rudolph acknowledged the independence of Transylvania from the Hungarian Crown.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, the delegates of the Three Nations refused to declare war against the Ottoman Empire at three consecutive Diets between May and July.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund abdicated, tasking Balthasar Báthory with the government in late July.Template:Sfn Balthasar wanted to seize the throne, but Kovacsóczy, Kendi, and the other leading officials decided to set up an aristocratic council to administer Transylvania.Template:Sfn

The commanders of the army (including Stephen Bocskai), and Friar Carillo jointly convinced Sigismund to return on 8Template:NbspAugust.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn They also persuaded him to order the arrest of Kovacsóczy, Kendi, Balthasar Báthory, and twelve other noblemen who had opposed the war against the Ottomans on 28Template:NbspAugust, accusing them of plotting.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sándor and Gábor Kendi were beheaded along with two other members of the royal council; Balthasar Báthory, Kovacsóczy, and Ferenc Kendi were strangled in prison.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn All but one murdered noblemen were Protestants, mostly Unitarians.Template:Sfn Many of their relatives converted to Catholicism to prevent the confiscation of their estates.Template:Sfn

Holy LeagueEdit

File:Sigismund Bathory in full regalia.jpg

Sigismund Báthory using the title Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia in a 1595 engraving.

File:Anonym Erzherzogin Maria Christierna.jpg

Sigismund's wife, Maria Christina of Habsburg

File:Transylvanian Thaler of Sigismund Bathory 1595.jpg

Thaler of Sigismund Báthory minted in 1595

File:Mihai Viteazul fighting the Turks, Giurgiu, October 1595.jpg

Battle of Giurgiu, which ended with the victory of the united forces of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia over the retreating Ottoman army

Sigismund decided to join the Holy League together with Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia, and Michael the Brave, voivode of Wallachia, on 5Template:NbspOctober 1594.Template:Sfn The two voivodes had started direct negotiations with the Holy See, but Sigismund, who claimed suzerainty over them, prevented them from conducting further direct negotiations.Template:Sfn Sigismund's envoy, Stephen Bocskai, signed the document that confirmed the membership of Transylvania in the Holy League in Prague on 28Template:NbspJanuary 1595.Template:Sfn According to the treaty, RudolphTemplate:NbspII recognized Sigismund's hereditary right to rule Transylvania and Partium and to use the title of prince, but he also stipulated that the principality was to be re-united with the Hungarian Crown if Sigismund's family died out.Template:Sfn The Diet of Transylvania confirmed the treaty on 16Template:NbspApril.Template:Sfn The Diet also prohibited religious innovations, which gave rise to the persecution of Szekler Sabbatarians in Udvarhelyszék.Template:Sfn

The Wallachian boyars and prelates recognized Sigismund's suzerainty over Wallachia on behalf of Michael the Brave in Gyulafehérvár on 20Template:NbspMay 1595.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to the treaty, Michael was forbidden to enter into an alliance with foreign powers without Sigismund's approval.Template:Sfn The voivode's right to sentence his boyars to death was also limited.Template:Sfn The Diet of Transylvanian was authorized to impose taxes in Wallachia with a council of twelve boyars.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn After Aaron the Tyrant refused to sign a similar treaty, Sigismund invaded Moldavia and captured him in Iași.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He made Ștefan Răzvan the new voivode on 3Template:NbspJune, forcing him to swear fealty to him.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Thereafter, Sigismund styled himself "By the Grace of God, Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Count of the Székelys and Lord of Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary".Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Sigismund married Maria Christina of Habsburg, a niece of RudolphTemplate:NbspII, on 6Template:NbspAugust.Template:Sfn However, the marriage was never consummated.Template:Sfn Sigismund accused Template:Ill (who was the mother of his executed cousin, Balthasar Báthory) of witchcraft, causing his impotence.Template:Sfn Historian László Nagy notes that Sigismund's contemporaries made no reference to his relationship with women, showing that Sigismund was homosexual.Template:Sfn

György Borbély, Ban of Karánsebes, captured Lippa (now Lipova in Romania) and other Ottoman fortresses along the Maros River before the end of August.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Koca Sinan Pasha broke into Wallachia, forcing Michael the Brave to retreat towards Transylvania.Template:Sfn Michael confronted the invaders in the Battle of Călugăreni, but he could not prevent them from seizing Târgoviște and Bucharest.Template:Sfn He withdrew to Stoenești to await the arrival of the Transylvanian and Moldavian troops.Template:Sfn

Since the Ottoman army outnumbered the forces at Sigismund's disposal, he proposed the Székely commoners (who had been reduced to serfdom in the 1560s) to restore their freedom if they joined his campaign against the Ottomans.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Székelys accepted his offer, enabling Sigismund to launch a counter-invasion in Wallachia in early October.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The united forces of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia defeated the retreating Ottoman army in the Battle of Giurgiu on 25Template:NbspOctober.Template:Sfn Although the victory was not decisive, the battle enabled the two voivodes to maintain their alliance with the Holy League.Template:Sfn

Ignoring the Székely warriors' preeminent role during the war, the Diet of Transylvania refused to restore their freedom on 15Template:NbspDecember.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund left for Prague to start negotiations with RudolphTemplate:NbspII in early January 1596, tasking his wife and Stephen Bocskai with the government.Template:Sfn The Székelys tried to secure their freedom, but Bocskai repressed their movement with extraordinary cruelty during the "Bloody Carnival" in early 1596.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Rudolph II promised Sigismund to send reinforcements and money to continue the war against the Ottomans.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund returned to Transylvania on 4Template:NbspMarch.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He laid siege to Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania), but he lifted the siege when an Ottoman army of 20,000 strong approached the fortress.Template:Sfn The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III invaded Royal Hungary in summer.Template:Sfn Sigismund joined his forces with the royal army, which was under the command of Maximilian of Habsburg.Template:Sfn However, the Ottomans routed their united army in the Battle of Mezőkeresztes between 23 and 26 October.Template:Sfn

Sigismund again went to Prague to meet RudolphTemplate:NbspII and offered to abdicate in January 1597.Template:Sfn After he returned to Transylvania, he restored the Roman Catholic bishopric in Gyulafehérvár.Template:Sfn He sent envoys to Italy to demand the supreme command of a new Christian army, but his delegates at Istanbul started negotiations regarding a reconciliation with the sultan.Template:Sfn

Abdications and returnsEdit

File:4k ref portre bocskai.jpg

Sigismund's maternal uncle, Stephen Bocskai, who urged Sigismund to return to Transylvania

File:John Smith's coat of arms - geograph.org.uk - 1161196.jpg

Window in St Helena's Church (Willoughby, England) displaying the coat of arms that Sigismund Báthory granted to Sir John Smith.

The failure of his marriage and the defeats of the Holy League diminished Sigismund's self-confidence.Template:Sfn He sent his envoys to RudolphTemplate:NbspII and again offered to abdicate in September 1597.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn An agreement regarding his abdication was signed on 23Template:NbspDecember 1597.Template:Sfn RudolphTemplate:NbspII granted Sigismund the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and a yearly subsidy of 50,000 thalers.Template:Sfn The agreement was kept secret for months.Template:Sfn

The Diet of Transylvania acknowledged Sigismund's abdication on 23Template:NbspMarch 1598.Template:Sfn Maria Christierna took charge of the government until the arrival of Maximilian of Habsburg, whom RudolphTemplate:NbspII had appointed to administer Transylvania.Template:Sfn Sigismund went to Silesia, but he did not like his new duchies.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Bocskai, who had been dismissed after Sigismund's abdication, urged him to return.Template:Sfn

Sigismund came to Kolozsvár on 21 August.Template:Sfn On the following day, Bocskai convoked the Diet to his military camp at Szászsebes (now Sebeș in Romania), and the delegates proclaimed Sigismund prince.Template:Sfn Most Transylvanians accepted the decision, but György Király, the deputy captain of Várad, remained loyal to RudolphTemplate:NbspII.Template:Sfn In September an Ottoman army invaded the principality, capturing the fortresses along the Maros.Template:Sfn Sigismund sent his envoys to the commander of the army, Mehmed, convincing him to attack Várad instead of breaking into Transylvania proper.Template:Sfn

All of Sigismund's attempts to make peace with the sultan failed.Template:Sfn He sent his envoys to Prague to negotiate with RudolphTemplate:NbspII,Template:Sfn while his confessor, Carillo, started negotiations with Jan Zamoyski in Poland.Template:Sfn At Sigismund's invitation, his cousin, Andrew Báthory, returned from Poland.Template:Sfn Sigismund abdicated at the Diet in Medgyes (now Mediaș in Romania) on 21Template:NbspMarch 1599.Template:Sfn Eight days later, the Diet proclaimed Andrew Báthory prince, hoping that Andrew could make peace with the Ottomans with the assistance of Poland.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund left Transylvania for Poland in June.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn His marriage with Maria Christierna was declared invalid in Rome in August.Template:Sfn

Andrew Báthory lost his throne and his life fighting against Michael the Brave and his Székely allies in autumn.Template:Sfn Michael the Brave administered Transylvania as RudolphTemplate:NbspII's governor, but his rule was unpopular among the noblemen, especially because of the pillaging raids made by his unpaid soldiers.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn As early as 9Template:NbspFebruary 1600 Sigismund announced that he was ready to return to Transylvania.Template:Sfn Moses Székely, a commander-in-chief during Michael the Brave's campaign against Moldavia in May, deserted Michael and came to Poland to meet Sigismund.Template:Sfn

File:Hans von Aachen - Allegory of the Turkish war - The Battle of Gorossló.jpg

Allegory of the Battle of Goroszló

The elected leader of the Transylvanian noblemen, István Csáky, sought assistance from RudolphTemplate:NbspII's military commander, Giorgio Basta, against Michael.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Basta invaded Transylvania and expelled Michael the Brave in September.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Basta's unpaid soldiers regularly pillaged the principality, while Ottoman and Tatar marauders made frequent incursions across the frontiers.Template:Sfn Sigismund returned to Transylvania across Moldavia at the head of a Polish army on 24Template:NbspMarch 1601.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Diet proclaimed him prince in Kolozsvár on 3Template:NbspApril.Template:Sfn Basta and Michael the Brave invaded Transylvania in summer.Template:Sfn They routed Sigismund's army in the Battle of Goroszló on 3Template:NbspAugust 1601.Template:Sfn After the battle, Sigismund fled to Moldavia, but he returned on 6Template:NbspSeptember.Template:Sfn

The sultan's envoy confirmed Sigismund's position as Prince of Transylvania in Brassó (now Brașov in Romania) on 2Template:NbspOctober.Template:Sfn At the head of an army which also included Ottoman and Tatar soldiers, Sigismund expanded his rule over most regions of the principality,Template:Sfn but he could not capture Kolozsvár in late November.Template:Sfn He started new negotiations with Basta over his abdication in March 1602, because he did not trust his own supporters.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He referred to them as "intoxicated and brutish sons of a bitch" and asked István Csáky to help him to leave their camp on 2Template:NbspJuly.Template:Sfn He left Transylvania for the last time on 26Template:NbspJuly 1602.Template:Sfn

Last yearsEdit

Basta's soldiers accompanied Sigismund to Tokaj.Template:Sfn Before long, he went to Prague to beg for RudolphTemplate:NbspII's mercy.Template:Sfn He received the incolatus (or the right to own lands in Bohemia) in 1604.Template:Sfn After the Diet of Transylvania proclaimed Stephen Bocskai prince in February 1605, Rudolph tried to persuade Sigismund to return to Transylvania, but he did not accept the offer.Template:Sfn The ambassadors of Venice and Spain and the emperor again tried to convince him to lay claim to Transylvania in July 1606, but Sigismund refused, saying that he had no information about the affairs of his former principality.Template:Sfn In December he again met Rudolph in Prague, but still resisted the emperor's offer.Template:Sfn

Sigismund received the domain of Libochovice in Bohemia.Template:Sfn After one of his employees accused him of plotting against the emperor, Sigismund was imprisoned for fourteen months in the jails of Prague Castle in 1610.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund died of a stroke in Libochovice on 27Template:NbspMarch 1613.Template:Sfn He was buried in a crypt in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague.Template:Sfn