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Prunus spinosa, called blackthorn or sloe, is an Old World species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is locally naturalized in parts of the New World.
The fruits are used to make sloe gin in Britain and patxaran in Basque Country. The wood is used to make walking sticks, including the Irish shillelagh.
DescriptionEdit
Prunus spinosa is a large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to Template:Convert tall, with blackish bark and dense, stiff, spiny branches. The leaves are oval, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad, with a serrated margin. The flowers are about Template:Convert in diameter, with five creamy-white petals; they are produced shortly before the leaves in early spring,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and are hermaphroditic, and insect-pollinated. The fruit, called a "sloe", is a drupe Template:Convert in diameter, black with a purple-blue waxy bloom, ripening in autumn and traditionally harvested – at least in the UK – in October or November, after the first frosts. Sloes are thin-fleshed, with a very strongly astringent flavour when fresh.<ref name=rushforth/>
Blackthorn usually grows as a bush but can grow to become a tree to a height of 6 m. Its branches usually grow forming a tangle.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Prunus spinosa is frequently confused with the related P. cerasifera (cherry plum), particularly in early spring when the latter starts flowering somewhat earlier than P. spinosa.Template:Citation needed They can be distinguished by flower colour, pure white in P. spinosa, creamy white in P. cerasifera. In addition, the sepals are bent backwards in P. cerasifera, but not in P. spinosa.<ref name="TreeGuideUK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They can be distinguished in winter by the shrubbier habit with stiffer, wider-angled branches of P. spinosa; in summer by the relatively narrower leaves of P. spinosa, more than twice as long as broad;<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=Vedel-Lange-1960/>Template:Page needed and in autumn by the colour of the fruit skin purplish black in P. spinosa and yellow or red in P. cerasifera.<ref name="Stace">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Prunus spinosa has a tetraploid (2n=4x=32) set of chromosomes.Template:Sfn
Like many other fruits with pits, the pit of the sloe contains trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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EtymologyEdit
The specific name Template:Wt is a Latin term indicating the pointed and thornlike spur shoots characteristic of this species. The common name "Template:Wt" is due to the thorny nature of the shrub, and possibly its very dark bark: it has a much darker bark than the white-thorn (hawthorn), to which it is contrasted.<ref name=johns/>
The word commonly used for the fruit, "Template:Wt", comes from Old English Template:Wt, cognate with Old High German Template:Wt, Template:Wt, and Modern German Template:Wt.<ref name=century-dict/> Other cognate forms are Frisian and Middle Low GermanTemplate:Efn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Middle Dutch Template:Wt; Modern Dutch Template:Wt; Modern Low German Template:Wt/Template:Wt, Template:Wt;<ref name=century-dict/><ref name="oed1">Template:Cite OED1</ref> Danish Template:Wt.<ref name=century-dict/>
The names related to 'sloe' come from the common Germanic root Template:Wt. Compare Old Slavic, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ukrainian and Russian Template:Wt (sliva, Ukr. slyva),<ref name=oed1/><ref name=century-dict/> West Slavic / Polish Template:Wt; plum of any species, including sloe Template:Wt—root present in other Slavic languages, e.g. Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian Template:Wt / Template:Wt.
Distribution and habitatEdit
The species is native to Europe, western Asia, and locally in northwest Africa.<ref name="powo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rushforth">Template:HarvnbTemplate:Page needed</ref> It is also locally naturalized in Tasmania and eastern North America.<ref name=powo/>
EcologyEdit
The foliage is sometimes eaten by the larvae of Lepidoptera, including the small eggar moth, emperor moth, willow beauty, white-pinion spotted, common emerald, November moth, pale November moth, mottled pug, green pug, brimstone moth, feathered thorn, brown-tail, yellow-tail, short-cloaked moth, lesser yellow underwing, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, double square-spot, black hairstreak, brown hairstreak, hawthorn moth (Scythropia crataegella) and the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella. Dead blackthorn wood provides food for the caterpillars of the concealer moth Esperia oliviella.Template:Cn
UsesEdit
The shrub, with its long, sharp thorns, is traditionally used in Britain and other parts of northern Europe to make a cattle-proof hedge.Template:Sfn
The fruit is similar to a small damson or plum, suitable for preserves, but rather tart and astringent for eating fresh unless it is picked after the first few days of autumn frost. This effect can be reproduced by freezing harvested sloes.<ref name=brown/>
Since the plant is hardy, and grows in a wide range of conditions, it is used as a rootstock for many other species of plum, as well as some other fruit species.Template:Cn
FlavoringEdit
The juice is used in the manufacture of fake port wine, and it was used as an adulterant to impart roughness to genuine port, into the 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite NIE</ref><ref name="amer">Template:Cite Americana</ref><ref name=white-good-eng-food/> In rural Britain a liqueur, sloe gin, is made by infusing gin with sloes and sugar; vodka can also be infused with sloes.<ref name="DinnerDiary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Similarly, in Northern Greece, they make a blackthorn liqueur by infusing tsipouro with the fruit and adding sugar.Template:Cn
In Navarre, Spain, a popular liqueur called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is made with sloes.Template:Cn In France a liqueur called troussepinette, or just {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or épinette, is made from the young shoots in spring (rather than from fruits in autumn).Template:Cn (Vin d'épine, likewise, is an infusion of early shoots of blackthorn macerated with sugar in wine.<ref name=pasty/><ref name=seaton/>) In Italy, the infusion of spirit with the fruits and sugar produces a liqueur called bargnolino (sometimes prunella).Template:Cn In France, eau de vie de prunelle[s] is distilled from fermented sloes in regions such as the Alsace.Template:Refn Wine made from fermented sloes is made in Britain, and in Germany and other central European countries.Template:Cn It is also sometimes used in the brewing of lambic beer in Belgium.Template:Cn
CulinaryEdit
Sloes can also be made into jam, chutney,<ref name=DinnerDiary/> and used in fruit pies. Sloes preserved in vinegar are similar in taste to Japanese umeboshi. The juice of the fruits dyes linen a reddish colour that washes out to a durable pale blue.Template:Sfn
The leaves resemble tea leaves, and were used as an adulterant of tea.<ref name=amer/><ref name=nsrw/>
The fruit stones have been found in Swiss lake dwellings.<ref name="amer" /> Early human use of sloes as food is evidenced in the case of a 5,300-year-old human mummy (nick-named Ötzi), discovered in the Ötztal Alps along the Austrian-Italian border in 1991: a sloe was found near the remains; evidently the man intended to eat it before he died.<ref name="tg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (to locate, click ahead to part 7)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
WoodEdit
Blackthorn makes an excellent fire wood that burns slowly with a good heat and little smoke.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> The wood takes a fine polish and is used for tool handles and canes.<ref name="nsrw">Template:Cite NSRW</ref> Straight blackthorn stems have traditionally been made into walking sticks or clubs (known in Ireland as a shillelagh).<ref name=chouinard>Template:Cite report</ref> In the British Army, blackthorn sticks are carried by commissioned officers of the Royal Irish Regiment; this is a tradition also in Irish regiments in some Commonwealth countries.Template:Cn
InksEdit
Rashi, a Talmudist and Tanakh commentator of the High Middle Ages, writes that the sap (or gum) of P. spinosa (which he refers to as the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was used as an ingredient in the making of some inks used for manuscripts.<ref>Talmud Bavli, Tractate Shabbat 23a</ref>
A "sloe-thorn worm" used as fishing bait is mentioned in the 15th-century work, The Treatyse of Fishing with an Angle.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In cultureEdit
In Middle English, slō has been used to denote something of trifling value.<ref name="me-dict">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name=oed1/>
The expression sloe-black eyes for a person with dark eyes comes from the fruit, and is first attested<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in William Somervile's 1735 poem The Chace.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "Template:Wt," meanwhile, is first attested in A. J. Wilson's 1867 novel Vashti.<ref>Template:OED</ref>
The flowering of the blackthorn may have been associated with the ancient Celtic celebration of Imbolc, traditionally celebrated on February 1 in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The name of the dark-coloured cloth prunella was derived from the French word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning sloe.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
External linksEdit
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