Sodium thiosulfate

Template:Chembox Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is an inorganic compound with the formula Template:Chem2. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate (x = 5), which is a white solid that dissolves well in water. The compound is a reducing agent and a ligand, and these properties underpin its applications.<ref name="Ullmann">Template:Ullmann</ref>

Uses

Sodium thiosulfate is used predominantly in dyeing. It converts some dyes to their soluble colorless "leuco" forms. It is also used to bleach "wool, cotton, silk, ...soaps, glues, clay, sand, bauxite, and... edible oils, edible fats, and gelatin."<ref name=Ullmann/>

Medical uses

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Sodium thiosulfate is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.<ref name="WHO2008">Template:Cite book</ref> It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO21st">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="WHO22nd">Template:Cite book</ref> Other uses include topical treatment of ringworm and tinea versicolor,<ref name=WHO2008/><ref name="sune">Template:Cite journal</ref> and treating some side effects of hemodialysis<ref name="auriemma">Template:Cite journal</ref> and chemotherapy.<ref name="pmid35489339">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In September 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium thiosulfate under the trade name Pedmark to lessen the risk of ototoxicity and hearing loss in infant, child, and adolescent cancer patients receiving the chemotherapy medication cisplatin.<ref name="Winstead 2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FDA 2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Photographic processing

Template:See also In photography, sodium thiosulfate is used in both film and photographic paper processing as a fixer, sometimes still called 'hypo' from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It functions to dissolve silver halides, e.g., AgBr, components of photographic emulsions. Ammonium thiosulfate is typically preferred to sodium thiosulfate for this application.<ref name=Ullmann/>

The ability of thiosulfate to dissolve silver ions is related to its ability to dissolve gold ions.

Neutralizing chlorinated water

It is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquariums, swimming pools, and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers.<ref name=Ullmann/> The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction.

In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is:

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Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from the solution. Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers.

Structure

File:Sodium-thiosulfate-xtal-3D-balls.png

Structure of sodium thiosulfate according to X-ray crystallography, showing the tetrahedral thiosulfate anion embedded in a network of sodium ions. Color code: red = O, yellow = S

Two polymorphs are known as pentahydrate. The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs.<ref name=Ullmann/> In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion. The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur holds a significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.

Production

Sodium thiosulfate is prepared by oxidation of sodium sulfite with sulfur.<ref name=Ullmann/> It is also produced from waste sodium sulfide from the manufacture of sulfur dyes.<ref name="holleman">Template:Cite book</ref>

This salt can also be prepared by boiling aqueous sodium hydroxide and sulfur according to the following equation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd</ref> However, this is not recommended outside of a laboratory, as exposure to hydrogen sulfide can result if improperly handled.

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Principal reactions

Upon heating to 300 °C, it decomposes to sodium sulfate and sodium polysulfide:

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Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids. Initial protonation occurs at sulfur. When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, Template:Chem2 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained. It is a somewhat strong acid with pK_as of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively. Under normal conditions, acidification of solutions of this salt excess with even dilute acids results in complete decomposition to sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and water:<ref name="holleman" />

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Coordination chemistry

Thiosulfate forms complexes with transition metal ions. One such complex is [[Sodium aurothiosulfate|Template:Chem2]].

Iodometry

Some analytical procedures exploit the oxidizability of thiosulfate anion by iodine. The reaction produces tetrathionate:

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Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as because Template:Chem2 has an excellent shelf-life, it is used as a titrant in iodometry. Template:Chem2 is also a component of iodine clock experiments.

This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen. It is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.

Organic chemistry

Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives S-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts.<ref>Template:Cite journal Template:Free access</ref> The alkylthiosulfates are susceptible to hydrolysis, affording the thiol. This reaction is illustrated by one synthesis of thioglycolic acid:

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Safety

Sodium thiosulfate has low toxicity. LDLo for rabbits is 4000 mg/kg.<ref name=Ullmann/>