Solar spicule
In solar physics, a spicule, also known as a fibril or mottle,Template:Efn is a dynamic jet of plasma in the Sun's chromosphere about 300 km in diameter.<ref name="Pereira_et_al_2012">Quantifying Spicules, Tiago M. D. Pereira, Bart De Pontieu, and Mats Carlsson, The Astrophysical Journal 759, #1 (October 2012), pp. 18-34, {{#invoke:doi|main}}, Template:Bibcode.</ref> They move upwards with speeds between 15 and 110 km/s from the photosphere and last a few minutes each<ref name="Pereira_et_al_2012" /> before falling back to the solar atmosphere.<ref name="Bose">Template:Cite journal</ref> They were discovered in 1877 by Angelo Secchi, but the physical mechanism that generates them is still hotly debated.
DescriptionEdit
Spicules last for about 15 minutes;<ref name="Freedman">Template:Cite book</ref> at the solar limb they appear elongated (if seen on the disk, they are known as "mottles" or "fibrils"). They are usually associated with regions of high magnetic flux; their mass flux is about 100 times that of the solar wind. They rise at a rate of 20 km/s (or 72,000 km/h) and can reach several thousand kilometers in height before collapsing and fading away.
PrevalenceEdit
There are about 3,000,000 active spicules at any one time on the Sun's chromosphere.<ref name="Freedman" /> An individual spicule typically reaches 3,000–10,000 km altitude above the photosphere.<ref>§1, Two Dynamical Models for Solar Spicules, Paul Lorrain and Serge Koutchmy, Solar Physics 165, #1 (April 1996), pp. 115–137, {{#invoke:doi|main}}, Template:Bibcode.</ref>
CausesEdit
Template:Incomplete {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Bart De Pontieu (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto, California, United States), Robert Erdélyi and Stewart James (both from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom) hypothesised in 2004 that spicules form as a result of P-mode oscillations in the Sun's surface, sound waves with a period of about five minutes that causes the Sun's surface to rise and fall at several hundred meters per second (see helioseismology). Magnetic flux tubes that are tilted away from the vertical can focus and guide the rising material up into the solar atmosphere to form a spicule.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, there is still some controversy about the issue in the solar physics community.