Spartina

Spartina is a genus of plants in the grass family, frequently found in coastal salt marshes.<ref>Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. 1789. Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm, & Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. (Ed. 8[a]). 43</ref> Species in this genus are commonly known as cordgrass or cord-grass,<ref name="ITIS">{{#if:41266 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon

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| Template:Citation error }}</ref> and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe, north-western and southern Africa, the Americas and the islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean; one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in freshwater habitats inland in the Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America, particularly Florida. They form large, often dense colonies, particularly on coastal salt marshes, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce hybrids if they come into contact.

Taxonomy

In 2014, the taxon Spartina was subsumed into the genus Sporobolus and reassigned to the taxonomic status of section,<ref name="Peterson2014">Peterson, PM, et al (2014) A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae), Taxon 63: 1212-1243.</ref> but it may still be possible to see Spartina referred to as an accepted genus. In 2019, an interdisciplinary team of experts from all continents (except for Antarctica) coauthored a report published in the journal Ecology supporting Spartina as a genus.<ref name="Bortolus2019">Bortolus, A, P Adam, JB Adams, ML Ainouche, D Ayres, MD Bertness, TJ Bouma, JF Bruno, I Caçador, JT Carlton, JM Castillo, CSB Costa, AJ Davy, L Deegan, B Duarte, E Figueroa, J Gerwein, AJ Gray, ED Grosholz, SD Hacker, AR Hughes, E Mateos-Naranjo, IA Mendelssohn, JT Morris, AF Muñoz-Rodríguez, FJJ Nieva, LA Levin, B Li, W Liu, SC Pennings, A Pickart, S Redondo-Gómez, DM Richardson, A Salmon, E Schwindt, BR Silliman, EE Sotka, C Stace, M Sytsma, S Temmerman, RE Turner, I Valiela, MP Weinstein, and JS Weis. (2019) Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus. Ecology, 100(11), 2019, e02863. {{#invoke:doi|main}}.</ref>

The section name Spartina is derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Grc-tr), the Greek word for a cord made from Spanish broom (Spartium junceum).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Species

The following species are recognised in the section Spartina:<ref name="Peterson2014" />

Subsection Alterniflori P.M.Peterson & Saarela

• Sporobolus alterniflorus Template:Small – smooth cordgrass – Atlantic coasts of North and South America, West Indies
• Sporobolus anglicus (C.E.Hubb.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela - Great Britain, introduced to Europe, China, Australia, New Zealand, and North America
• Sporobolus foliosus Template:Small – California cordgrass – California, Baja California, Baja California Sur
• Sporobolus longispicus Template:Small – Argentina, Uruguay
• Sporobolus maritimus (Curtis) P.M.Peterson & Saarela - Europe, Africa
• Sporobolus × townsendii Template:Small – Townsend's cordgrass – western Europe

Subsection Ponceletia (Thouars) P.M.Peterson & Saarela

• Sporobolus arundinacea (Thouars) Carmich – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
• Sporobolus mobberleyanus P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
• Sporobolus spartinae Template:Small – Gulf cordgrass – Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina, incl the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico

Subsection Spartina (Schreb) P.M.Peterson & Saarela

• Sporobolus bakeri Template:Small – sand cordgrass – south-eastern US
• Sporobolus coarctatus Template:Small – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
• Sporobolus cynosuroides Template:Small – big cordgrass – eastern US (TX to MA); Bahamas
• Sporobolus × eatonianus Template:Small – eastern North America
• Sporobolus hookerianus Template:Small – alkali cordgrass – western Canada, western + central US, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Michoacán
• Sporobolus michauxianus Template:Small – prairie cordgrass – from Northwest Territories to Texas and Newfoundland
• Sporobolus montevidensis Template:Small – denseflower cordgrass – Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
• Sporobolus pumilus Template:Small – saltmeadow cordgrass – east coast of North America from Labrador to Tamaulipas; West Indies
• Sporobolus versicolor Template:Small – Mediterranean, Azores

Ecology

Species of the section Spartina are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Aaron's skipper, which feeds exclusively on smooth cordgrass, and the engrailed moth.

Some species of the section Spartina are considered as ecosystem engineers that can strongly influence the physical and biological environment.<ref name="Li2009">Li, B. et al (2009) Spartina alterniflora invasions in the Yangtze River estuary, China: An overview of current status and ecosystem effects, Ecol. Eng. 35: 511-520.</ref><ref name="Balke2012">Balke, T. et al (2012) Conditional outcome of ecosystem engineering: A case study on tussocks of the salt marsh pioneer Spartina anglica, Geomorphology 153-154: 232-238.</ref> This is particularly important in areas where invasive Spartina species significantly alter their new environment, with impacts to native plants and animals.<ref name="StrongAyres2013">Strong, D.R., & Ayres, D.R. (2013) Ecological and Evolutionary Misadventures of Spartina, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44:389-410.</ref>

As an invasive species

Three of the Spartina species have become invasive plants in some countries. In British Columbia, Sporobolus anglica, also known as English cordgrass, is an aggressive, aquatic alien that invades mud flats, salt marshes and beaches, out-competing native plants, spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large Spartina meadows.<ref>Spartina, Aliens Among Us.</ref> It is also invasive in China and California.<ref name=StrongAyres2013/>

Sporobolus montevidensis and Sporobolus pumilus have become invasive on the Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of the United States<ref name=StrongAyres2013/><ref name="SanLeon1999">D. G. SanLeón, J. Izco & J. M. Sánchez (1999). Joseph Caffrey; Philip R. F. Barrett; Maria Teresa Ferreira; Ilidio S. Moreira; Kevin J. Murphy; Philip Max Wade, eds. "Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants". Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology, Vol. 147. 415: 213–222. doi:10.1023/A:1003835201167. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="ODA">Oregon Department of Agriculture, Noxious Weeds https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/weeds/pages/aboutweeds.aspx</ref>

Sporobolus alterniflorus and its hybrids with other Spartina species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe, including China, California, England, France, and Spain.<ref name=StrongAyres2013/><ref name="Ainouche2009">Ainouche, M.L., et al (2009) Hybridization, polyploidy and invasion: lessons from Spartina (Poaceae), Biol. Invasions 11: 1159-1173.</ref>

Cultivation

Species of the section Spartina have been planted to reclaim estuarine areas for farming, to supply fodder for livestock, and to prevent erosion. Various members of the genus (especially Sporobolus alterniflorus and its derivatives, Sporobolus anglicus and Sporobolus × townsendii) have spread outside of their native boundaries and become invasive.

Big cordgrass (S. cynosuroides) is used in the construction of bull's eye targets for sports archery. A properly constructed target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>