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Standard electrode potential (data page)

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) must satisfy

Template:Nowrap,

where Template:Mvar electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant Template:Mvar is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. Those Gibbs free energy changes can be added.

For example, from Template:Nowrap, the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one FeTemplate:2+ ion and two electrons is Template:Nowrap or 84 907 J/(mol Template:E-). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆Gf°) for an FeTemplate:2+ ion, since Template:E- and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: <math chem display=block>\begin{alignat}{4} &\ce{Cu+ + e-} &{}\rightleftharpoons{}&\ce{Cu(s)}&\quad\quad E_1=+0.520\text{ V} \\ &\ce{Cu^2+ + 2e-}&{}\rightleftharpoons{}&\ce{Cu(s)} &\quad\quad E_2=+0.337\text{ V} \\ &\ce{Cu^2+ + e-}&{}\rightleftharpoons{}&\ce{Cu+} &\quad\quad E_3=+0.159\text{ V} \end{alignat}</math> From additivity of Gibbs energies, one must have <math display=block>2\cdot E_2=1\cdot E_1+1\cdot E_3</math> But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentialsEdit

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction E°
(volt) 		Electrons
transferred 		Reference
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
Sr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Sr(s) −4.101 1 <ref name="CRC">Template:RubberBible87th</ref>
Ca Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Ca(s) −3.8 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Th Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −3.6 1 <ref

name=Greenwood1263>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263</ref>

Pr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −3.1 1 Estimated<ref name="VanSrc" />
N 3Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(aq) −3.09 2 <ref name=Gre/><ref name=van92/>
Li Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Li(s) −3.0401 1 <ref name=van92/><ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
N Template:Chem(g) + 4Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:OH- −3.04 2 <ref name=Gre/>
Cs Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cs(s) −3.026 1 <ref name=van92/>
Ca Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ca(s) + 2Template:OH- −3.02 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Er Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −3 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Ba Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ba(s) + 2Template:OH- −2.99 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Rb Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Rb(s) −2.98 1 <ref name=van92/>
K Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ K(s) −2.931 1 <ref name=van92/>
Ba Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ba(s) −2.912 2 <ref name=van92/>
La [[Lanthanum hydroxide|Template:Chem]](s) + 3Template:E- ⇌ La(s) + 3Template:OH- −2.9 3 <ref name=van92/>
Fr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Fr(s) −2.9 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Sr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sr(s) −2.899 2 <ref name=van92/>
Sr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sr(s) + 2Template:OH- −2.88 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Ca Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ca(s) −2.868 2 <ref name=van92/><ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Li Template:Chem + Template:Chem(s) + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) −2.84 1 <ref name=van92/>
Eu Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Eu(s) −2.812 2 <ref name=van92/>
Ra Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ra(s) −2.8 2 <ref name=van92/>
Ho Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ HoTemplate:2+ −2.8 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Bk Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.8 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Yb Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Yb(s) −2.76 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Na Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Na(s) −2.71 1 <ref name=van92/><ref name=Atk/>
Mg Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Mg(s) −2.7 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Nd Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.7 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Mg Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Mg(s) + 2Template:OH- −2.69 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Sm Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sm(s) −2.68 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Be Template:Chem + 3Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Be(s) + 6Template:OH- −2.63 4 <ref name="CRC" />
Pm Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.6 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Dy Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.6 1 <ref name="CRC" />
No Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ No −2.5 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Hf Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ Hf(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.5 4 <ref name="CRC" />
Th Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Th(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.48 4 <ref name="CRC" />
Md Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Md −2.4 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Tm Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Tm(s) −2.4 2 <ref name="CRC" />
La Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ La(s) −2.379 3 <ref name=van92/>
Y Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Y(s) −2.372 3 <ref name=van92/>
Mg Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Mg(s) −2.372 2 <ref name=van92/>
Sc Template:Chem2(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sc(s) + 3HF(aq) −2.37 3 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Zr Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ Zr(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.36 4 <ref name=van92/>
Pr Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Pr(s) −2.353 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Ce Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ce(s) −2.336 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Er Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Er(s) −2.331 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Ho Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ho(s) −2.33 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Al Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.33 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Nd Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Nd(s) −2.323 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Tm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Tm(s) −2.319 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Al Template:Chem(s) + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) + 3Template:OH- −2.31 3 <ref name="van??"/>
Sm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sm(s) −2.304 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Fm FmTemplate:2+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fm −2.3 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Am Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.3 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Dy Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Dy(s) −2.295 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Lu Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Lu(s) −2.28 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Sc ScFTemplate:Su + 2Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sc(s) + 2HF(l) −2.28 3 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Tb Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Tb(s) −2.28 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Gd Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Gd(s) −2.279 3 <ref name="CRC" />
H Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem −2.23 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Es Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Es(s) −2.23 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Pm Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pm(s) −2.2 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Tm Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ TmTemplate:2+ −2.2 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Dy Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Dy(s) −2.2 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Ac Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ac(s) −2.2 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Yb Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Yb(s) −2.19 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Cf Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cf(s) −2.12 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Nd Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Nd(s) −2.1 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Ho Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ho(s) −2.1 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Sc Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sc(s) −2.077 3 <ref>David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Template:Webarchive, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.</ref>
Al Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) + 6Template:Chem −2.069 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Cm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Cm(s) −2.04 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Pu Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Pu(s) −2.031 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Pr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pr(s) −2 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Er Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Er(s) −2 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Eu Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Eu(s) −1.991 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Lr Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Lr −1.96 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Cf Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Cf(s) −1.94 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Es Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Es(s) −1.91 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Pa Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −1.9 1 <ref name="CRC" />
Am Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Am(s) −1.9 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Th Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Th(s) −1.899 4 <ref name="CRC" />
Fm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Fm −1.89 3 <ref name="CRC" />
N Template:Chem2(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2 −1.87 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Np Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Np(s) −1.856 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Be Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Be(s) −1.847 2 <ref name="CRC" />
P Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ P(s) + 2Template:OH- −1.82 1 <ref name="CRC" />
U Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ U(s) −1.798 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Sr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sr(Hg) −1.793 2 <ref name="CRC" />
B Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ B(s) + 4Template:OH- −1.79 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Th Template:Chem + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Th(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −1.789 4 <ref name="CRC" />
Hf Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Hf(s) + Template:H2O-nl −1.724 4 <ref name="CRC" />
P Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ P(s) + 5Template:OH- −1.71 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Si [[Silicate|Template:Chem]] + 3Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ Si(s) + 6Template:OH- −1.697 4 <ref name="CRC" />
Al Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) −1.662 3 <ref name="CRC" />
Ti Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) −1.63 2 <ref name=Atk/>
Zr Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Zr(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −1.553 4 <ref name=van/>
Zr Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Zr(s) −1.45 4 <ref name=van/>
Ti Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) −1.37 3 <ref name=si/>
Ti TiO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) + Template:H2O-nl −1.31 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
B B(OH)Template:Su + 4Template:H2O-nl(l) + 8Template:E- ⇌ BHTemplate:Su + 8Template:OH- −1.24 8 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Ga GaO(OH)Template:Su + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ga(s) + 3Template:OH- −1.22 3 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Ti Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2TiO(s) + Template:H2O-nl −1.23 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Zn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Zn(s) + 4Template:OH- −1.199 2 <ref name=van/>
Mn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Mn(s) −1.185 2 <ref name=van/>
Fe Template:Chem + 6Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) −1.16 2 <ref name=webelements_fe>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=compounds information |work=Iron |publisher=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements |url=http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html}}</ref>
C C(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(l) + 2Template:OH- −1.148 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Cr Cr(CN)Template:Su + Template:E- ⇌ Cr(CN)Template:Su −1.143 1 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Te Te(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −1.143 2 <ref name=Bar/>
V Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ V(s) −1.13 2 <ref name=Bar/>
Nb Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Nb(s) −1.099 3 <ref name="van??"/>
Sn Sn(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −1.07 4
Po Po(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −1.021 2 <ref>{{#invoke:cite|book| last1=Brown | first1=Susan A. | last2=Brown | first2=Paul L. | title=The Aqueous Chemistry of Polonium and the Practical Application of its Thermochemistry | chapter=The pH-potential diagram for polonium | publisher=Elsevier | date=2020 | isbn=978-0-12-819308-2 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-819308-2.00004-8| s2cid=213141476 }}</ref>
Cr [Cr(edta)(H2O)]− + Template:E- ⇌ [Cr(edta)(H2O)]2− −0.99 1 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
P 2Template:Chem2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(aq) + Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.933 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
C COTemplate:Su + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HCOTemplate:Su + Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.93 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Ti Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.93 4
Si Template:Chem(quartz) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Si(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.909 4 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Cr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cr(s) −0.9 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
B Template:Chem(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ B(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl −0.89 3 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Fe Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.89 2 <ref name=webelements_fe/>
Fe Template:Chem(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.86 2 <ref name=webelements_fe/>
H 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:OH- −0.8277 2 <ref name=van/>
Bi Bi(s) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.8 3 <ref name=van/>
Zn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Zn(Hg) −0.7628 2 <ref name=van/>
Zn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Zn(s) −0.7618 2 <ref name=van/>
Ta Template:Chem(s) + 10Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ 2Ta(s) + 5Template:H2O-nl −0.75 10
Te 2Te(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ TeTemplate:Su −0.74 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Ni Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ni(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.72 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Nb Template:Chem2(s) + 10Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ 2Nb(s) + 5Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.7 10 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Ag Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Ag(s) + Template:Chem(aq) −0.69 2
Te TeTemplate:Su + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2(g) −0.64 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Sb Sb(OH)Template:Su + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sb(s) + 4Template:OH- −0.639 3 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Au Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 2Template:Chem −0.6 1
Ta Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ta(s) −0.6 3 <ref name="van??"/>
Pb PbO(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.580 2 <ref name="van??"/>
Ti 2Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.56 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Ga Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ga(s) −0.549 3 <ref name="van??"/>
U Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.52 1 <ref name=Bar2/>
P Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ P(white)<ref name=rwP group=note /> + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.508 1 <ref name=van/>
P Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl −0.499 2 <ref name=van/>
Ni Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.49 2 <ref name="CRC" />
Sb Sb(OH)Template:Su + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sb(OH)Template:Su + 2Template:OH- −0.465 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
P [[Phosphorous acid|Template:Chem]](aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ P(red)<ref name=rwP group=note /> + 3Template:H2O-nl −0.454 3 <ref name=van/>
Bi Template:Chem2(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) + 6Template:E- ⇌ Bi(s) + 6Template:OH- −0.452 6 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Ta TaFTemplate:Su + 7Template:H+ + 5Template:E- ⇌ Ta(s) + 7HF(l) −0.45 5 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
In Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2 −0.444 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cu(s) + 2Template:Chem −0.44 1 <ref name="Bar" />
Fe Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) −0.44 2 <ref name=Atk/>
C 2Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) −0.43 2
Cr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.407 1 <ref name="van??"/>
Cd Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cd(s) −0.4 2 <ref name="van??"/>
Cr Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Cr(s) −0.74 3 <ref name=Atk/>
Ti Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.37 1 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Cu(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.36 2 <ref name=van/>
Pb Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(s) + Template:Chem −0.3588 2 <ref name=van/>
Pb Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(Hg) + Template:Chem −0.3505 2 <ref name=van/>
Eu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.35 1 <ref name=Bar2/>
In Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ In(s) −0.34 3 <ref name=Bar/>
Tl Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Tl(s) −0.34 1 <ref name=Bar/>
Ge Ge(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.29 4
Co Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Co(s) −0.28 2 <ref name=van/>
P Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl −0.276 2 <ref name=van/>
N N2(g) + 8Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ 2NHTemplate:Su −0.27 6 <ref name=Lee />
V Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.26 1 <ref name=Atk/>
Ni Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ni(s) −0.257 2 <ref name="van??"/>
S 2HSOTemplate:Su + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ S2OTemplate:Su + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.253 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
As As(s) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.23 3 <ref name=Bar/>
N N2(g) + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ N2HTemplate:Su −0.23 4 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Ga Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Ga(s) −0.2 1 <ref name="van??"/>
Ag AgI(s) + Template:E- ⇌ Ag(s) + Template:Chem −0.15224 1 <ref name=van/>
Ge GeO2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Ge(s) + 2H2O(l) −0.15 4 <ref name=Lee />
Mo Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Mo(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.15 4
Si Si(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.14 4
Sn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sn(s) −0.13 2
O Template:Chem(g) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) −0.13 1
In Template:Chem2 + Template:E- ⇌ In(s) −0.126 1 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Pb Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(s) −0.126 2 <ref name=Atk/>
W Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ W(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.12 4
Ge Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ GeO(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.118 2 <ref name="van??"/>
P P(red) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.111 3 <ref name=van/>
C Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HCOOH(aq) −0.11 2
Se Se(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.11 2 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
C Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ CO(g) + Template:H2O-nl −0.11 2
Sn α-SnO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sn(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.104 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cu(s) + 2Template:Chem(aq) −0.1 1 <ref name="Bar" />
Nb Template:Chem2(s) + 10Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + 5Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.1 4 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
W Template:Chem(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ W(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl −0.09 6 <ref name=Bar/>
Sn Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ α-SnO(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.088 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Fe [[Magnetite|Template:Chem]](s) + 8Template:H+ + 8Template:E- ⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl −0.085 8 <ref name=Pou/>
V Template:Chem + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.082 1 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
P P(white) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.063 3 <ref name=van/>
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O Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2[[sulfate|Template:Chem]] 2.01 2 <ref name=van/>
O Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + Template:H2O-nl 2.075 2 <ref name=Bar2/>
Mn Template:Chem + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 2.09 2
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 3Template:H2O-nl 2.12 6 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp<ref name=webelements_xe/>
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 8Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 6Template:H2O-nl 2.18 8 <ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp<ref name=webelements_xe/>
Fe [[Ferrate|Template:Chem]] + 8Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 4Template:H2O-nl 2.2 3 <ref name=wou>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Arlene |last=Courtney |title=Oxidation Reduction Chemistry of the Elements |work=Ch 412 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Reading Materials |publisher=Western Oregon University |url=https://people.wou.edu/~courtna/ch412/redox.htm}}</ref>
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) 2.32 2 <ref name=webelements_xe/><ref name=AP />
O Template:Chem2 + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:H2O-nl(l) 2.38 1 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 3Template:H2O-nl 2.42 2 <ref name=webelements_xe/><ref name=AS5/>Template:Rp
F Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem 2.87 2 <ref name=AS5 />Template:Rp<ref name=Atk/><ref name=Bar/>
Cm Cm4+ + e– ⇌ Cm3+ 3.0 1 Estimated<ref name=VanSrc/>
F Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2HF(aq) 3.077 2 <ref name="VanSrc" />
Tb Tb4+ + e– ⇌ Tb3+ 3.1 1 Estimated<ref name="VanSrc" />
Pr Pr4+ + e– ⇌ Pr3+ 3.2 1 Estimated<ref name="VanSrc" />
Kr Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Kr(g) + 2Template:Chem(aq) 3.27 2 Estimated<ref>{{#invoke:cite|journal|first1=P.J. |last1=Leszczyński |first2=W. |last2=Grochala |title=Strong Cationic Oxidizers: Thermal Decomposition, Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Their Compounds |journal=Acta Chim. Slov. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=455–470 |year=2013 |pmid=24169699 |url=http://acta-arhiv.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://acta-arhiv.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}

</ref>

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

<references group="note" responsive="1">

<ref name=rwP group=note>Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.</ref>

</references>

ReferencesEdit

<references> <ref name=Bar>{{#invoke:cite|book|first1=Allen J. |last1=Bard |first2=Roger |last2=Parsons |first3=Joseph |last3=Jordan |title=Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuJV1H18KtEC |date=1985 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-7291-8 }}</ref> <ref name=van>{{#invoke:cite|book|last= Vanýsek |first=Petr |year=2012 |editor-last=Haynes |editor-first=William M. |chapter= Electrochemical Series |pages=5–80 |title= Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition=93rd |publisher=CRC Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BzP7Rkl7WkC&pg=SA5-PA80 |isbn=9781439880494}}</ref> <ref name=van92>{{#invoke:cite|book|last=Vanýsek |first=Petr |chapter=Electrochemical Series |editor-first=William M. |editor-last=Haynes |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYPRBQAAQBAJ&pg=SA5-PA80 |date=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-5512-6 |pages=5–80–9 |edition=92nd}}</ref> <ref name="van??">{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Petr Vanysek|title=Electrochemical series|website=depa.fquim.unam.mx |url=http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916165426/http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/TablasdepotencialesREDOX_26700.pdf%7Carchive-date=2021-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=VanSrc>{{#invoke:cite|journal|last=Bratsch |first=Stephen G. |date=July 29, 1988 |orig-date=1 March 1988 |title=Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K |url=https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555839.pdf |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |publisher=American Institute of Physics |publication-date=1989 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1063/1.555839 |via=NIST}}</ref> <ref name=Gre>Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw</ref> <ref name=Bar2>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Bard |first1=A.J. |last2=Faulkner |first2=L.R. |title=Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications |publisher=Wiley |year=2001 |isbn=9781118312803 |edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref name=Pou>{{#invoke:cite|book|first=Marcel |last=Pourbaix |year=1966 |title=Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions |publisher=NACE International |location=Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels |oclc=475102548}}</ref> <ref name=Atk>{{#invoke:cite|book|first=Peter W. |last=Atkins |title=Physical Chemistry |publisher=W.H. Freeman |year=1997 |isbn=9780716734659 |edition=6th}}</ref> <ref name=AS5>{{#invoke:cite|book|last1=Atkins |first1=Peter |last2=Overton |first2=Tina |last3=Rourke |first3=Jonathan |last4=Weller |first4=Mark |last5=Armstrong |first5=Fraser |last6=Hagerman |first6=Michael |title=Inorganic Chemistry |edition=5th |year=2010 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |isbn= 978-1-42-921820-7}}</ref> <ref name=si>{{#invoke:cite|book|first1=Gordon |last1=Aylward |first2=Tristan |last2=Findlay |title=SI Chemical Data |publisher=Wiley |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-81638-7 |edition=6th}}</ref> <ref name="Pang2007">{{#invoke:cite|journal|last1=Pang |first1=Suh Cem |last2=Chin |first2=Suk Fun |last3= Anderson |first3= Marc A. |date= July 2007 |title= Redox equilibria of iron oxides in aqueous-based magnetite dispersions: Effect of pH and redox potential |url= https://www.academia.edu/9254087 |journal= J. Colloid Interface Sci. |volume= 311 |issue=1 |pages= 94–101 |doi= 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.058|pmid= 17395194 |access-date= 2017-03-26 |bibcode=2007JCIS..311...94P }}</ref> <ref name=Lee>{{#invoke:cite|book|title=A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry|edition=3rd|first=J. L.|last=Lee|publisher=English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK)|location=London / Wokingham, Berkshire|orig-date=1977|year=1983|isbn=0-442-30179-0|page=107|ol=4079768W|via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> <ref name=AP>{{#invoke:cite|book|title=Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements|first1=Abhik|last1=Ghosh|first2=Steffen|last2=Berg|publisher=Wiley|year=2014|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-118-17398-5|page=12}}</ref> </references>

External linksEdit

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