Starodub
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:For Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality
Starodub (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Lit) is a town in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, on the Babinets River in the Dnieper basin, Template:Convert southwest of Bryansk. Population: Template:Ru-census2021 Template:Ru-census2010 Template:Ru-census2002 Template:Su-census1989 16,000 (1975).
HistoryEdit
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Starodub has been known since the 11th century, when it was a part of the Principality of Chernigov.<ref name=sgk/> It was plundered by the Cumans in 1080.<ref name=sgk/> It was burned to the ground by the Mongols in the 13th century.
It became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century (soon part of the Polish–Lithuanian union), and Grand Duke Algirdas rebuilt it as a defensive stronghold against Muscovites and Tatars.<ref name=sgk/> In 1408, it was granted to Duke Švitrigaila.<ref name=sgk/> In 1503, it passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1535, it was besieged and captured by Polish-Lithuanian forces and the defenders were executed however, it soon fell back to Muscovy. In 1616, it was recaptured by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, within which it became a county seat in the Smolensk Voivodeship.<ref name=sgk>Template:Cite book</ref> During the Smolensk War, in 1632, it was captured by Russia, however, it was restored to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1634.<ref name=sgk/> In 1648, during the Khmelnytskyi Uprising, Zaporozhian Cossacks seized the town, and 188 families of local Ruthenian nobility recognized the Cossack hetman as a new governor,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after which the Ukrainians staged a anti-Jewish pogrom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1654, it passed to Russia, confirmed in 1686.<ref name=sgk/> In 1660, the town was ravaged by Tatars, and in 1663 it was attacked by the Poles.<ref name=sgk/> Starodub became the center of Starodub Cossack Regiment and enjoyed a large measure of autonomy between 1666 and 1686. In 1677 the town suffered a fire.<ref name=sgk/>
Starodub remained rudiments of Cossack Hetmanate's administrative division until 1782 when it became an uyezd town. In 1796, Starodub was incorporated into Chernigov Governorate. In 1867, Starodub had a population of 12,042.<ref name=sgk246/> In 1870, there were ten factories, including nine tanneries.<ref name=sgk246/> Four annual fairs were held.<ref name=sgk246>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1918, the town was occupied by the GermansTemplate:Citation needed and the town was part of the Ukrainian People's Republic.Template:Citation needed The Soviet authority was instated in November 1918.Template:Citation needed
During the Soviet period, Starodub was a part of Gomel Governorate (1919–1926), Bryansk Governorate (1926–1929), Western Oblast (1929–1937), and Oryol Oblast (1937–1944). The town was once again occupied by the Germans between August 18, 1941 and September 22, 1943. The Germans operated a Nazi prison and a forced labour battalion for Jews in the town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Starodub finally became a part of Bryansk Oblast in 1944.
Administrative and municipal statusEdit
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Starodub serves as the administrative center of Starodubsky District,<ref name="Ref25">Law #13-Z</ref> even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="Ref1456">Law #69-Z</ref> As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Starodubsky Urban Administrative Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref25" /> As a municipal division, Starodubsky Urban Administrative Okrug is incorporated as Starodub Urban Okrug.<ref name="Ref1456" />
Prior to January 1, 2013, Starodub was administratively incorporated as a town of district significance within Starodubsky District.
ArchitectureEdit
As a significant center of the Cossack Hetmanate, Starodub is the only place in Russia where authentic examples of Ukrainian Baroque may be seen. The Nativity Cathedral, built in 1617 and overhauled after a conflagration in 1677, is a typical example of Cossack Baroque. The Epiphany Church goes back to 1789, while the Church of St. Nicholas was erected in the Neoclassical style in 1802.
Notable peopleEdit
- Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert (1883–1963), translator
- Uri Nissan Gnessin (1879–1913), writer
- Menahem Gnessin (1882–1951), actor
- Pavlo Skoropadskyi (1873–1945), Hetman of Ukraine, went to school in Starodub
- Ivan Skoropadskyi (1646–1722), Zaporizhian Hetman, was at one point stationed in the town, when he was colonel of the Starodub Cossack regiment