Stenosis

Stenosis (Template:Etymology) is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The term coarctation is another synonym,<ref>Template:DorlandsDict</ref> but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Examples

Template:Anchor Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:

• Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)
• Angina (coronary artery stenosis)
• Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes and transient ischaemic episodes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Renal artery stenosis

Types

In heart valves

Template:Anchor The types of stenoses in heart valves are:

• Pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing
• Mitral valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing
• Tricuspid valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the tricuspid valve (of the right heart), therefore causing narrowing
• Aortic valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the aortic valve, therefore causing narrowing

Elsewhere

Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include:

• Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow obstruction)
• Lumbar, cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis
• Subglottic stenosis (SGS)
• Tracheal stenosis
• Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis)
• Bowel obstruction
• Phimosis
• Non-communicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis
• Stenosing tenosynovitis
• Atherosclerosis
• Esophageal stricture
• Achalasia
• Prinzmetal angina
• Vaginal stenosis
• Meatal stenosis
• Anal stricture
• Rectal stricture

Causes

• Alcohol
• Atherosclerosis
• Birth defects
• Calcification
• Diabetes
• Headbanging
• Iatrogenic
• Infection
• Inflammation
• Ischemia
• Neoplasm
• Smoking
• Ureteral
• Urethral

Diagnosis

Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• Atresia
• Spinal stenosis

External links

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