Struma (river)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox river The Struma or Strymonas (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. Its ancient name was Strymon (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}). Its drainage area is Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert in Bulgaria, Template:Convert in Greece and the remaining Template:Convert in North Macedonia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Serbia.<ref name=UNECE>Template:Cite book</ref> It takes its source from the Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria, runs first westward, then southward, forming a number of gorges, enters Greece near the village of Promachonas in eastern Macedonia. In Greece it is the main waterway feeding and exiting from Lake Kerkini, a significant centre for migratory wildfowl. Also in Greece, the river entirely flows in the Serres regional unit into the Strymonian Gulf in Aegean Sea, near Amphipolis. The river's length is Template:Convert (of which Template:Convert in Bulgaria, making it the country's fifth-longest and one of the longest rivers that run solely in the interior of the Balkans.
Parts of the river valley belong to a Bulgarian coal-producing area, more significant in the past than nowadays; the southern part of the Bulgarian section is an important wine region. The Greek portion is a valley which is dominant in agriculture, being Greece's fourth-biggest valley. The tributaries include the Konska River, the Dragovishtitsa, the Rilska River, the Blagoevgradska Bistritsa, the Sandanska Bistritsa, the Strumitsa, the Pirinska Bistritsa and the Angitis.
EtymologyEdit
The river's name comes from Thracian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, derived from Proto-Indo-European *{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'stream',<ref>Radislav Katičic', Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Mouton, Paris 1976, p. 144.</ref> akin to English stream, Old Irish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'river', Polish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'stream', Lithuanian straumuo 'fast stream', Bulgarian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration) 'water flow', Greek Template:Script (Template:Transliteration) 'stream', Albanian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'water flow', {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'rain'.
The name Strymón was a hydronym in ancient Greek mythology, referring to a mythical Thracian king that was drowned in the river.<ref>Pierre Grimal, Classical mythology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1990. Template:ISBN.</ref> Strymón was also used as a personal name in various regions of Ancient Greece during the 3rd century BC.<ref>Antoninus Liberalis, Celoria Francis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis. A translation with commentary. Routledge, 1992. Template:ISBN.</ref>
In Macedonian it is called Струма {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; while in Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, 'black water').
HistoryEdit
In 437 BC, the ancient Greek city of Amphipolis was founded near the river's entrance to the Aegean, at the site previously known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('Nine roads'). When Xerxes I of Persia crossed the river during his invasion in 480 BC he buried alive nine young boys and nine maidens as a sacrifice to the river god.<ref>Herodotus 7,114 [1]. The history may be Greek slander, though, as human sacrifice is not known as an Iranian cultic practice.</ref> The forces of Alexander I of Macedon defeated the remnants of Xerxes' army near Ennea Hodoi in 479 BC. In 424 BC the Spartan general Brasidas after crossing the entire Greek peninsula sieged and conquered Amphipolis. According to the ancient sources, the river was navigable from its mouth up to the ancient (and today dried) Cercinitis lake, which also favored the navigation; and thus was formed in antiquity an important waterway that served the communication between the coasts of Strymonian Gulf and the Thracian hinterland and almost to the city of Serres.<ref>Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Historical Geography of Eastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (= Makedonikí bibliothíki, 49). Society of Macedonian Studies, Thessaloniki 1976, p. 16 ff. Template:ISBN (in Greek; online text Template:Webarchive).
Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A History of Serres (in the Ancient and Roman Times). Thessaloniki 1999, pp. 55–60 (in Greek; website of the municipality of Serres Template:Webarchive).</ref>
The decisive Battle of Kleidion was fought close the river in 1014 between the Bulgarians under Emperor Samuel and the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II and determined the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire four years later. In 1913, the Greek Army was nearly surrounded in the Kresna Gorge of the Struma by the Bulgarian Army during the Second Balkan War, and the Greeks were forced to ask for armistice.
The river valley was part of the Macedonian front in World War I. The ship Template:MV, which took Jewish refugees out of Romania in World War II and was torpedoed and sunk in the Black Sea, causing nearly 800 deaths, was named after the river.
Protected areas and ecologyEdit
The river's mouth and Lake Kerkini, a lake that the river is feeding and exiting, are both national parks and part of the Natura 2000 network.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More than 300 bird species have been observed at these locations and some of them are considered endangered or vulnerable, like the saker falcon, the eastern imperial eagle and the greater spotted eagle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Greek lamprey, which is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List and is considered the rarest species of lamprey in the world, is only found at the Struma basin and the basin of the much smaller Louros river.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
- StrumaatKresnaGorge.jpg
Struma at Kresna Gorge
- Struma Winter.jpg
Struma near the city of Blagoevgrad in winter
- Εκβολές Στρυμόνα.jpg
Strymon estuary
- Loewe von Amphipolis (2018).jpg
Lion of Amphipolis; Via Egnatia, west side of Strymonas
- Greek Army Strymon WWI.jpg
Greek soldiers at Strymon during WWI
- Struma river mouth.jpg
Struma river mouth
- Strymonriver.jpg
Struma river from the bridge next to the Lion of Amphipolis facing the beach of Ofryni Beach (Tuzla)
HonourEdit
- Struma Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Struma River.