Sulfonate
In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is Template:Chem2, containing the functional group Template:Chem2, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some biochemicals feature sulfonates.
Sulfonate saltsEdit
Anions with the general formula Template:Chem2 are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula Template:Chem2. As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases. Due to the stability of sulfonate anions, the cations of sulfonate salts such as scandium triflate have application as Lewis acids.
A classic preparation of sulfonates is the Strecker sulfite alkylation, in which an alkali sulfite salt displaces a halide, typically in the presence of an iodine catalyst:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
An alternative is the condensation of a sulfonyl halide with an alcohol in pyridine:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Sulfonic estersEdit
Esters with the general formula R1SO2OR2 are called sulfonic esters. Individual members of the category are named analogously to how ordinary carboxyl esters are named. For example, if the R2 group is a methyl group and the R1 group is a trifluoromethyl group, the resulting compound is methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Sulfonic esters are used as reagents in organic synthesis, chiefly because the RSO3− group is a good leaving group, especially when R is electron-withdrawing. Methyl triflate, for example, is a strong methylating reagent.
Sulfonates are commonly used to confer water solubility to protein crosslinkers such as N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS), BS3, Sulfo-SMCC, etc.
SultonesEdit
Cyclic sulfonic esters are called sultones.<ref>R. J. Cremlyn “An Introduction to Organosulfur Chemistry” John Wiley and Sons: Chichester (1996) Template:ISBN</ref> Two examples are propane-1,3-sultone and 1,4-butane sultone. Some sultones are short-lived intermediates, used as strong alkylating agents to introduce a negatively charged sulfonate group. In the presence of water, they slowly hydrolyze to the hydroxy sulfonic acids. Sultone oximes are key intermediates in the synthesis of the anti-convulsant drug zonisamide.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Tisocromide is an example of a sultone.
ExamplesEdit
- Mesylate (methanesulfonate), Template:Chem2
- Triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), Template:Chem2
- Ethanesulfonate (esilate, esylate), Template:Chem2
- Tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate), p-Template:Chem2
- Benzenesulfonate (besylate), Template:Chem2
- Closilate (closylate, chlorobenzenesulfonate), Template:Chem2
- Camphorsulfonate (camsilate, camsylate), Template:Chem2
- Pipsylate (p-iodobenzenesulfonate derivative), p-Template:Chem2, where R is any group.<ref name="BeislerSato1971">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Nosylate (o- or p-nitrobenzenesulfonate), o- or p-Template:Chem2