Sulgrave
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox UK place
Sulgrave is a village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England, about Template:Convert north of Brackley. The village is just south of a stream that rises in the parish and flows east to join the River Tove, a tributary of the Great Ouse.
The village's name means 'grove in a gully' or perhaps, 'pit/trench in a gully'. Alternatively, the specific may be a personal name, 'Sula'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PrehistoryEdit
Just over Template:Convert north of the village is Barrow Hill, a bowl barrow beside Banbury LaneTemplate:Sfn<ref name=EH-barrow>Template:NHLE</ref> between Culworth and Weston. The barrow is oval, about Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide and up to Template:Convert high.<ref name=EH-barrow/> It is Bronze Age and may date from between 2400 and 1500 BC.<ref name=EH-barrow/> It may have been surrounded by a ditch, but this can no longer be traced.<ref name=EH-barrow/> The mound may have been re-used in the Middle Ages as the base for a windmill.<ref name=RCHME>Template:Harvnb</ref> The barrow is largely intact, although it has been partly disturbed by badgers.<ref name=EH-barrow/> It is a scheduled monument.<ref name=EH-barrow/>
CastleEdit
Castle Hill, at the west end of the village southwest of the church, is the earthwork remains of a Saxon and Norman ringwork castle.<ref name=RCHME/>Template:Sfn The northern part of the ringwork was excavated in 1960 and 1976.<ref name=RCHME/><ref name=EH-castle>Template:NHLE</ref>
Evidence was found suggesting that the first construction on the site was a timber-framed hall about Template:Convert long<ref name=Pevsner421>Template:Harvnb</ref> and a detached stone and timber building, probably built in the late 10th century.<ref name=RCHME/> They seem to have been an Anglo-Saxon manor house and separate kitchen.<ref name=RCHME/> This was followed by the building of the earthen rampart, which is now rounded but may originally have been a straight-sided pentagon.<ref name=RCHME/>
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the original hall was replaced with a stone one about Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide.<ref name=RCHME/> Small timber buildings were also added.<ref name=RCHME/> The earthen ramparts were increased in height in the middle of the 11th century, and again early in the 12th century.<ref name=RCHME/> The site seems to have been abandoned about 1140.<ref name=RCHME/> It is a scheduled monument.<ref name=EH-castle/>
East-south-east of Sulgrave is Gallow Field, within Stuchbury, the site of the Anglo-Saxon moots for the Domesday-era hundred of Alboldstow.<ref name=F>Folklore of Northamptonshire, by Peter Hill. The History Press, 2009. Template:ISBN, 9780752499871; accessed February 2019.</ref> Sulgrave was within the adjoining hundred of Warden.<ref name=ODOsulgrave>Open Domesday Online: Sulgrave, accessed February 2019.</ref>
After the Norman Conquest Sulgrave was one of the manors granted to Ghilo or Gilo, brother of Ansculf de Picquigny.<ref name=ODOsulgrave /><ref name=VCH345>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Domesday Book of 1086 records that three tenants; Hugh, Landric and Othbert; held Sulgrave of him.<ref name=VCH345/> In the 12th century the manor of "Solegrave" was still in the fee of Gilo.<ref name=VCH370>Template:Harvnb</ref> On both occasions the manor was assessed at four hides.<ref name=VCH345/><ref name=VCH370/> In the middle of the 12th century the manor was granted to the Cluniac Priory of St Andrew at Northampton, and the ringwork site was abandoned as a manorial seat.<ref name=EH-castle/>
Sulgrave ManorEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In, 1538 St Andrew's Priory was suppressed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries and surrendered all its estates to the Crown.<ref name=Serjeantson>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The Washington familyEdit
In 1539 or 1540 the Crown sold three manors, including Sulgrave, to Lawrence Washington, a wool merchant who in 1532 had been Mayor of Northampton.<ref name=Pevsner421/><ref name=EH-manor>Template:NHLE</ref> Washington's descendants retained the manor until 1659, when one of them sold it.<ref name=Pevsner421/><ref name=EH-manor/> In 1656 a descendant, John Washington of Purleigh, Essex, emigrated to the Colony of Virginia.<ref name=EH-manor/> He is notable for being the great-grandfather of George Washington, who from 1775 commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and in 1789 was elected first President of the United States.<ref name=EH-manor/>
Lawrence Washington had Sulgrave Manor house built in about 1540–60.<ref name=EH-manor/> It is at the northeast end of the village, built of local limestone, with a southwest front, a kitchen and buttery, a great hall, and above it a great chamber and two smaller private chambers. The great hall has a stone floor, and its Tudor fireplace contains a salt cupboard carved with Lawrence Washington's initials.<ref name=Phillips104>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The house has a projecting two-storey southwest porch, over the doorway of which are set in plaster the royal arms of England and initials "ER" for Elizabeth Regina commemorating Elizabeth I, who acceded to the English throne in 1558.<ref name=Pevsner421/> The doorway spandrels are decorated with the Washington family arms: two bars and three mullets or spur-rowels.<ref name=Phillips104/>
The Hodges familyEdit
In about 1673 Sulgrave Manor passed to the Rev Moses Hodges, from whom it passed to his son John Hodges.<ref name=EH-manor/> The lands of Sulgrave manor had become divided into three estates, but John Hodges reunited them.<ref name=EH-manor/> Behind the great hall is a staircase with twisted balusters that was added late in the 17th century.<ref name=Pevsner421/> In about 1700 John Hodges had the house rebuilt and enlarged by adding a north-east wing at right angles to the original Tudor building.<ref name=EH-manor/> Hodges also had a separate brewhouse built at the same time.<ref name=EH-manor/> The Hodges family had the west part of the original house demolished in about 1780.<ref name=EH-manor/> The Hodges sold the house in 1840, by which time it was a dilapidated farmhouse.<ref name=EH-manor/>
Restoration and museumEdit
In 1914 the house was bought by public subscription to celebrate a century of peace between the UK and USA since the War of 1812.<ref name=EH-manor/> Under the direction of the architect Sir Reginald Blomfield the house was restored in 1920–30 and a new west wing was added in 1921<ref name=Pevsner421/> in symmetry with the surviving east wing.<ref name=EH-manor/>Template:Sfn The house is open to the public<ref>Sulgrave Manor Northamptonshire</ref> and is administered by the Sulgrave Manor Trust (formerly Sulgrave Manor Board).<ref name=EH-manor/> It is a Grade I listed building.<ref name=EH-manor/>
Church and chapelsEdit
Church of EnglandEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Church of England parish church of St James the Less was built in the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref name=EH-church>Template:NHLE</ref> The Cluniac St Andrew's Priory, Northampton held the advowson from the 13th century until 1538, when the priory was suppressed.<ref name=Serjeantson/> St James' church is a Grade II* listed building.<ref name=EH-church/> It is part of the benefice of Culworth, with Sulgrave and Thorpe Mandeville, and Chipping Warden, with Edgcote and Moreton Pinkney.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Baptist and MethodistEdit
In the 19th century a Baptist chapel was built in Little Street and a Methodist one was built in Manor Road.<ref name=Parish>Template:Harvnb</ref> They were used for worship until about 1970.<ref name=Parish/> The Methodist chapel has been converted into a house; the Baptist one was demolished in 1976 and replaced with a house.<ref name=Parish/>
Economic and social historyEdit
The village has an unusual layout, with two streets (Magpie Road/Manor Road and Little Street) running parallel roughly and joined in a figure of eight.<ref name=RCHME/> In three places there are traces of former medieval or post-medieval buildings. At the southwest corner of the village, south of the church, are traces of what may have been houses but are more likely to have been part of the manor complex based around the ringwork.<ref name=RCHME/> Behind houses on the northwest side of the village are low banks and shallow ditches that suggest closes larger than the current gardens.<ref name=RCHME/> In the northeast part of the village, on the south side of Manor Road, are traces of house platforms and earth banks that surrounded their closes.<ref name=RCHME/>
About Template:Convert southeast of the village is a pillow mound about Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide and only Template:Convert high, and bounded by a ditch Template:Convert wide.<ref name=RCHME/> It is the remains of an artificial warren for farming rabbits, which the Normans introduced to Britain from mainland Europe.Template:Sfn
Template:Infobox UK legislation Traces of traditional ridge and furrow ploughing survive in much of the parish, and particularly south-east of the village.<ref name=RCHME/> They are evidence of the open field system of farming that prevailed in the parish until Parliament passed the Template:Visible anchor (33 Geo. 2. c. 5 Template:Small).<ref name=RCHME/>
John and Mary Hodges founded Sulgrave school in the early 18th century as a charity school for poor boys of the parish.<ref name=EH-school>Template:NHLE</ref> The school building, at the corner of Magpie Road and Stockwell Lane, is a stone building which according to its date stone was completed in 1720.<ref name=EH-school/> It was probably remodelled in the 19th century.<ref name=EH-school/> It is now the village hall.<ref name=EH-school/>
A water mill on the stream just north of the village was built in the 18th century and enlarged in the 19th century.<ref name=EH-mill>Template:NHLE</ref> In 1788 the miller was a John Brockliss, who ordered machinery from Boulton and Watt.<ref name=EH-mill/> The mill is now a private house but is said to retain an iron mill-wheel made in about 1840.<ref name=EH-mill/> The mill-pond survives.<ref name=EH-mill/>
There was a tower mill about Template:Convert northwest of the village. By the 1970s it was derelict<ref name=Pevsner421/> but the tower has since been restored as part of a private house.
The parish stocks survive. They are on The Green, at the junction of Magpie Road and Park Lane, and are probably 19th century.<ref>Template:NHLE</ref>
RailwaysEdit
In 1872 the Northampton and Banbury Junction Railway was opened between Template:Rws and Template:Rws. It passed roughly east–west through Greatworth parish about Template:Convert south of Sulgrave, and its nearest station was at Helmdon about Template:Convert away. In 1910 it became part of the Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway (SMJR).
In the 1899 the Great Central Main Line to Template:Rws was built through the east of Sulgrave parish, passing about Template:Convert east of the manor house. The Great Central Railway opened its own Template:Rws station, causing confusion with the SMJR's existing Helmdon station. The London and North Eastern Railway succeeded the GC in 1923 and renamed the main line station "Helmdon for Sulgrave" in 1928.
British Railways closed the SMJR station and line in 1951, the GC main line station 1963 and the GC main line in 1966.
AmenitiesEdit
The Star Inn was built in the 18th century<ref>Template:NHLE</ref> and is now a public house.<ref>Star Inn</ref>
Sulgrave Village Shop Association Limited (SVS) is an industrial and provident society, owned by the residents of Sulgrave, to run a shop and post office.<ref name=Shop>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under its constitution, profits are not for distribution to its members but must be reinvested in the enterprise to continue and develop its services to the community.<ref name=Shop/>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
- Sulgrave Manor - official site
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