Sultan of Egypt

Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Though the extent of the Egyptian Sultanate ebbed and flowed, it generally included Sham and Hejaz, with the consequence that the Ayyubid and later Mamluk sultans were also regarded as the Sultans of Syria. From 1914, the title was once again used by the heads of the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, later being replaced by the title of King of Egypt and Sudan in 1922.

Ayyubid dynasty

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Prior to the rise of Saladin, Egypt was the center of the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, the only period in Islamic history when a caliphate was ruled by members of the Shia branch of Islam. The Fatimids had long sought to completely supplant the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate based in Iraq, and like their Abbasid rivals, they also took the title Caliph, representing their claim to the highest status within the Islamic hierarchy. However, with Saladin's rise to power in 1169, Egypt returned to the Sunni fold and the Abbasid Caliphate. Recognizing the Abbasid Caliph as his theoretical superior, Saladin took the title of Sultan in 1174, though from this point until the Ottoman conquest, supreme power in the caliphate would come to rest with the Sultan of Egypt.

Mamluk dynasties

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In 1250, the Ayyubids were overthrown by the Mamluks, who established the Bahri dynasty and whose rulers also took the title sultan. Notable Bahri sultans include Qutuz, who defeated the invading Mongol army of Hulagu at the Battle of Ain Jalut, and Baibars, who finally recaptured the last remnants of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Bahri were later overthrown by a rival Mameluke group, who established the Burji dynasty in 1382.

Ottoman Sultanate and autonomous Khedivate

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File:Coat of Arms of the Sultan of Egypt.svg

Coat of Arms of the Sultan of Egypt (1914–1922)

The Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 ended the Egyptian Sultanate, with Egypt henceforth a province of the Ottoman Empire. It also marked the end of the Mamluk Abbasid dynasty, as the Ottomans captured the current Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III, and forced him to relinquish the title to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The Ottomans subsequently paid little interest to Egyptian affairs, and the Mamelukes rapidly regained most of their power within Egypt. However, they remained vassals of the Ottoman Sultan and their leaders were limited to the title of Bey.

In 1523, the Ottoman-appointed Turkish governor of Egypt, Hain Ahmed Pasha, declared himself the Sultan of Egypt and Egypt independent from the Ottoman Empire. He struck his own coins to legitimize his rule, but soon thereafter, Ottoman forces under Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha captured him and executed him, with Ibrahim Pasha assuming the governorship until he found a more permanent replacement, Hadım Süleyman Pasha.

Following the defeat of Napoleon I's forces in 1801, Muhammad Ali Pasha seized power, overthrowing the Mamelukes, and declaring himself ruler of Egypt. In 1805, the Ottoman Sultan Selim III reluctantly recognized him as Wāli under Ottoman suzerainty. Muhammad Ali, however, styled himself as Khedive, and though technically a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, governed Egypt as if it were an independent state. Seeking to rival and ultimately supplant the Ottoman Sultan, Muhammad Ali implemented a rapid modernization and militarization program, and expanded Egypt's borders south into Sudan and north into Syria. Eventually, he waged war on the Ottoman Empire with the intention of overthrowing the ruling Osman Dynasty and replacing it with his own. Though the intervention of the Great Powers prevented Muhammad Ali from realizing his grandiose ambitions of becoming sultan himself, obliging Egypt to remain technically part of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt's autonomy survived his death with the Porte recognizing the Muhammad Ali Dynasty as hereditary rulers of the country.

File:HusseinKamelSultan.jpg

Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt, 1914–1917.

Muhammad Ali's grandson, Ismail I, acceded to the Egyptian throne in 1863 and immediately set about achieving his grandfather's aims, though in a less confrontation manner. A combination of growing Egyptian power, deteriorating Ottoman strength, and outright bribery led to Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz formally recognizing the Egyptian ruler as Khedive in 1867. As Ismail expanded Egypt's borders in Africa, and the Ottoman Empire continued to decay, Ismail believed he was close to realizing formal Egyptian independence, and even contemplated using the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 to declare himself Sultan of Egypt. He was persuaded otherwise by pressure from the Great Powers, who feared the consequences of further disintegration of Ottoman power. Ultimately, Ismail's reign ended in failure, due to the massive debt his ambitious projects had incurred. European and Ottoman pressure forced his removal in 1879 and replacement by his far more pliant son Tewfik. The subsequent Orabi Revolt resulted in Great Britain invading Egypt in 1882 on the invitation of Khedive Tewfik, and beginning its decades long occupation of the country.

Restoration of Egyptian Sultanate

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further From 1882 onwards, Egypt's status became deeply convoluted: officially a province of the Ottoman Empire, semi-officially a virtually independent state with its own monarchy, armed forces, and territorial possessions in Sudan, and for practical purposes a British puppet. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty in Egypt was finally ended in 1914 when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in First World War. Alarmed that the anti-British Khedive Abbas II would side with the Ottomans, the British deposed him in favor of his uncle Hussein Kamel and declared Egypt a British protectorate. Symbolizing the official end of Ottoman rule, Hussein Kamel took the title Sultan as did his brother Fuad I who succeeded him in 1917, though in reality Egypt remained under British domination. Both Hussein Kamel and Fuad maintained Egypt's claim to Sudan, with Egyptian nationalists declaring both in turn to be the "Sultan of Egypt and Sudan".

Rising nationalist anger at the continued British occupation forced Britain to formally recognize Egyptian independence, in 1922. However, the title of Sultan was dropped and replaced with King. Nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul, who was later exiled by the British, maintained that this was because the British refused to recognize a sovereign Egyptian ruler who outranked their own king (in the hierarchy of titles, sultan, like shah in Iran, is comparable to emperor, being a sovereign who recognizes no secular superior). Another reason offered for the change in title, is that it reflected the growing secularization of Egypt at the time, as sultan has Islamic overtones, whereas the Arabic word for king, malik, does not.Template:Citation needed

Upon overthrowing Fuad's son, King Farouk I, in the Egyptian revolution of 1952, the Free Officers briefly considered declaring his infant son Sultan to reinforce Egypt's sovereignty over Sudan and demonstrate their rejection of British occupation. However, since the revolutionaries had already decided to abolish the Egyptian monarchy after a brief period of consolidating their hold on power, they determined that it would be an idle gesture and Farouk's son was duly declared King Fuad II. The following year, on 18 June 1953, the revolutionary government officially abolished the monarchy and Egypt became a republic.

List of Sultans

Ayyubid Dynasty

• Saladin (1171–1193)
• Al-Aziz (1193–1198)
• Al-Mansur (1198–1200)
• Al-Adil I (1200–1218)
• Al-Kamil (1218–1238)
• Al-Adil II (1238–1240)
• As-Salih Ayyub (1240–1249)
• Turanshah (1249–1250)
• Shajar al-Durr (1250–1250)
• Al-Ashraf II (1250–1254) (nominally, actually the Mamluk Aybak ruled)

Bahri Dynasty

Number	Royal title	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Ethnicity	Background notes	Coinage
1st	Al-Malik al-Mu'izz	Izz ad-Din Aybak	31 July 1250<ref name="Northrup69">Northrup 1998, p. 69.</ref>	10 April 1257<ref>Northrup 1998, p. 70.</ref>	Turkmen	Middle-ranking mamluk of Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub. Married the latter's widow, Shajar ad-Durr, who became sultan on 2 May 1250 until she abdicated in favor of Aybak.<ref name="Northrup69"/>	File:Silver dirham of Aybak.jpg
2nd	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Nur ad-Din Ali	15 April 1257<ref name="Stewart86">Template:Cite book</ref>	November 1259<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Turkmen	Son of Aybak.	File:Gold dinar of al-Mansur Nur ad-Din Ali.jpg
3rd	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Sayf ad-Din Qutuz	November 1259<ref name="Stewart86"/>	24 October 1260<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Khwarazmian Turk<ref name="Hathaway50-52">Template:Cite book</ref>	A mamluk of Aybak and head of Aybak's mamluk faction, the Mu'izziya,<ref name="NorthrupPetry250">Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 250.</ref> Aybak's chief deputy, and strongman of Ali's sultanate.<ref name="Northrup71">Northrup 1998, p. 71.</ref>	File:Qutuz gold dinar obverse.jpg
4th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Rukn ad-Din Baybars	24 October 1260<ref name="Stewart86"/>	1 July 1277<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Bahri mamluk and founder of the Bahri dynasty.<ref name="NorthrupPetry250"/>	File:Egitto, califfo al baybars, dinar mamelucco, 1260-1277.JPG
5th	Al-Malik as-Sa'id	Nasir ad-Din Barakah	3 July 1277<ref name="Stewart86"/>	August 1279<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of Baybars and his wife, who was the daughter of Husam ad-Din Baraka Khan, a Khwarazmian warrior chief, after whom Barakah was named.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hathaway50-52"/><ref>Holt 2004, p. 99.</ref>	File:Barakah coin.jpg
6th	Al-Malik al-Adil	Badr ad-Din Salamish	August 1279<ref name="Stewart86"/>	November 1279<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of Baybars.
7th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Sayf ad-Din Qalawun	November 1279<ref name="Stewart86"/>	10 November 1290<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp	Bahri mamluk and Baybars' chief deputy	File:Silver dirham of Sultan Qalawun.jpg
8th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Salah ad-Din Khalil	12 November 1290<ref name="Stewart86"/>	12 December 1293<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of Qalawun.	File:Ashraf Khalil coin.jpg
9th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	14 December 1293<ref name="Stewart86"/>	December 1294<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of Qalawun. First reign.	File:Gold dinar of an-Nasir Muhammad.jpg
10th	Al-Malik al-Adil	Zayn ad-Din Kitbugha	December 1294<ref name="Stewart86"/>	7 December 1296<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Mongol<ref name="NorthrupPetry252">Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 252.</ref>	A mamluk of Qalawun.<ref name="NorthrupPetry252"/>	File:Mamluk Kitbugha copper fals 1294 1296.jpg
11th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Husam ad-Din Lajin	7 December 1296<ref name="Stewart86"/>	16 January 1299<ref name="Stewart86"/>	CircassianTemplate:Sfn	A mamluk of Qalawun.<ref name="NorthrupPetry252"/> Relative to Rukn ad-Din Baybars al-JashnakirTemplate:Sfn	File:Gold dinar of Lajin.jpg
12th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	16 January 1299<ref name="Stewart86"/>	March 1309<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Second reign.	File:Gold dinar of an-Nasir Muhammad.jpg
13th	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Rukn ad-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir	April 1309<ref name="Stewart86"/>	5 March 1310<ref name="Stewart86"/>	CircassianTemplate:Sfn	A mamluk of Qalawun.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Relative to Husam ad-Din LajinTemplate:Sfn
14th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	5 March 1310<ref name="Stewart86"/>	6 June 1341<ref name="Stewart86"/>	Kipchak Turk	Third reign.	File:Gold dinar of an-Nasir Muhammad.jpg
15th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr	8 June 1341<ref name="Stewart86"/>	August 1341<ref name="Drory20">Drory 2006, p. 20.</ref>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Narjis.<ref name="Bauden63">Bauden 2009, p. 63.</ref> Real power in Abu Bakr's sultanate was held by Qawsun, a mamluk and senior emir of an-Nasir Muhammad.<ref name="Drory20"/>
16th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk	August 1341<ref>Levanoni 1995, p. 102.</ref>	21 January 1342<ref name="Drory24">Drory 2006, p. 24.</ref>	Kipchak Turk and Tatar	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his Tatar concubine Ardu.<ref name="Bauden63"/> An infant when he was made sultan by strongman Qawsun.<ref name="Drory20"/>
17th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Shihab ad-Din Ahmad	21 January 1342<ref name="Drory24"/>	27 June 1342<ref name="Drory28">Drory 2006, p. 28.</ref>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Bayad, a freed slave girl.<ref name="Bauden63"/>
18th	Al-Malik as-Salih	Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il	27 June 1342<ref name="Drory24"/>	3 August 1345<ref name="Britannica101-103">Template:Cite EB1911</ref>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, unnamed by the sources.<ref name="Bauden63"/>
19th	Al-Malik al-Kamil	Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban	3 August 1345<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	18 September 1346<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, unnamed by the sources (same mother of as-Salih Isma'il).<ref name="Bauden63"/>
20th	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Sayf ad-Din Hajji	18 September 1346<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	10 December 1347<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his other unnamed concubines.<ref name="Bauden63"/>	File:Copper fals of Muzaffar Hajji.jpg
21st	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Badr ad-Din Hasan	December 1347	21 August 1351<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Kuda, who died in Hasan's infancy. First reign. Hasan acceded to the sultanate as a young child and real power was shared by four senior emirs, Shaykhu an-Nasiri, Taz an-Nasiri, Manjak al-Yusufi and Baybugha al-Qasimi. Hasan was toppled when he challenged their power.	File:Copper fals of an-Nasir Hasan.jpg
22nd	Al-Malik as-Salih	Salah ad-Din Salih	21 August 1351<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	20 October 1354<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his wife Qutlumalik, daughter of Emir Tankiz al-Husami.<ref name="Bauden63"/>	File:Copper fals of as-Salih Salih.jpg
23rd	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Badr ad-Din Hasan	20 October 1354<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	16 March 1361<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Second reign. He was killed by Emir Yalbugha al-Umari.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	File:Copper fals of an-Nasir Hasan.jpg
24th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Salah ad-Din Muhammad	17 March 1361<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	29 May 1363<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of Hajji. Real power was held by Emir Yalbugha al-Umari, who toppled him.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	File:Dinar LACMA M.2006.143.8 (1 of 2).jpg
25th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Zayn ad-Din Sha'ban (Sha'ban II)	29 May 1363<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	15 March 1377<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of al-Amjad Husayn (d. 21 January 1363), the last surviving son of an-Nasir Muhammad who never reigned,<ref>Holt, eds. Vermeulen and De Smet, p. 319.</ref> and Khawand Baraka.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Mamluk Shaban II copper fals Hama.jpg
26th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Ala'a ad-Din Ali	15 March 1377<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	19 May 1381<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of Sha'ban II. Was an infant during his accession, and real power was initially held by emirs Ibek and Qartay until the latter was ousted by the former. Ibek was later killed and power passed to Barquq, a former mamluk of Yalbugha an-Nasiri.	File:M56 fals Bahrites 1ar85 (8594902625).jpg
27th	Al-Malik as-Salih	Salah ad-Din Hajji	19 May 1381<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	26 November 1382<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Son of al-Ashraf Sha'ban. Was an infant during his succession and real power was held by Barquq.	File:Mamluk Haji II copper fals 1382.jpg

Burji Dynasty

Number	Royal title	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Ethnicity	Background notes	Coinage
28th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Barquq	26 November 1382<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	1 June 1389<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Yalbugha al-Umari. Son of Anas, who was brought to Egypt by Barquq in 1381 and converted to Islam. First reign. Established the Burji dynasty.	File:Mamluk Barquq copper fals Damascus 1382 1389.jpg
29th	Al-Malik as-Salih	Salah ad-Din Hajji	1 June 1389<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	January 1390<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Kipchak Turk	Second reign. Installed during a rebellion against Barquq in which the latter was toppled.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/> When Barquq was restored, Hajji was allowed to continue residing in the Cairo Citadel.	File:Mamluk Haji II copper fals 1382.jpg
30th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Barquq	21 January 1390<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	20 June 1399<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Second reign.	File:Mamluk Barquq copper fals Damascus 1382 1389.jpg
31st	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Faraj	20 June 1399<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	20 September 1405<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Barquq.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	File:Gold dinar of an-Nasir Faraj.jpg
32nd	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz	20 September 1405<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	November 1405<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Barquq.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>
33rd	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Faraj	November 1405<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	23 May 1412<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Second reign.	File:Gold dinar of an-Nasir Faraj.jpg
34th	Al-Malik al-Adil	Al-Musta'in Billah	23 May 1412<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	6 November 1412<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Arab	The Abbasid caliph in Cairo. He was appointed by the Burji emir Shaykh Mahmudi as a figurehead, but then compelled him to abdicate.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>
35th	Al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad	Shaykh al-Mahmudi	6 November 1412<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	13 January 1421<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Barquq.	File:Gold dinar of Shaykh al-Mahmudi.jpg
36th	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Ahmad	13 January 1421<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	29 August 1421<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Shaykh. Was an infant during accession.
37th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Tatar	29 August 1421<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	30 November 1421<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Barquq<ref name="Garcin293">Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 293.</ref>
38th	Al-Malik as-Salih	An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	30 November 1421<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	1 April 1422<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Tatar. Was an infant during accession.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>
39th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Sayf ad-Din Barsbay	1 April 1422<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	7 June 1438<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Barquq.<ref name="Garcin293"/> He was a tutor of Muhammad before he toppled him.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	File:Barsbay gold ashrafi 1422 1438.jpg
40th	Al-Malik al-Aziz	Jamal ad-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf	7 June 1438<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	9 September 1438<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Barsbay. Was a child during accession.
41st	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq	9 September 1438<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	1 February 1453<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Barquq.<ref name="Garcin293"/>	File:Gold dinar of Jaqmaq.jpg
42nd	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Fakhr ad-Din Uthman	1 February 1453<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	15 March 1453<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Jaqmaq.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>
43rd	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Sayf ad-Din Inal	15 March 1453<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	26 February 1461<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Barquq.<ref name="Garcin293"/>	File:Silver dirham of Sayf ad-Din Inal.jpg
44th	Al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad	Shihab ad-Din Ahmad	26 February 1461<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	28 June 1461<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Inal.<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>
45th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam	28 June 1461<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	9 October 1467<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Greek<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	A mamluk of Shaykh.<ref name="Garcin293"/>	File:Gold dinar of Khushqadam.jpg
45th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Bilbay	9 October 1467<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	4 December 1467<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Shaykh.<ref>Levanoni, eds. Winter and Levanoni 2004, p. 82.</ref>
46th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Timurbugha	4 December 1467<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	31 January 1468<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Greek<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	A mamluk of Jaqmaq.<ref name="Garcin293"/>
47th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Sayf ad-Din Qa'itbay	31 January 1468<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	7 August 1496<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Barsbay.<ref>Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 295.</ref>	File:Gold dinar of Qaitbey.jpg
48th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Muhammad	7 August 1496<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	31 October 1498<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Son of Qa'itbay<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>
49th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Abu Sa'id Qansuh	31 October 1498<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	30 June 1500<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Qa'itbay.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
50th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Abu al-Nasir Janbalat	30 June 1500<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	25 January 1501<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Originally a mamluk of Emir Yashbak min Mahdi, who gave Janbalat to Qa'itbay, who then freed him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
51st	Al-Malik al-Adil	Sayf ad-Din Tumanbay	25 January 1501<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	20 April 1501<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	A mamluk of Qa'itbay.<ref>Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 297.</ref>
52nd	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Qansuh al-Ghawri	20 April 1501<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	24 August 1516<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	His mamluk origins are unclear, but he was trained in the Ghawr Barracks of Cairo, hence his name "al-Ghawri".<ref name="Petry20">Petry 1994, p. 20.</ref> Prior to his accession to the sultanate, he was an emir of ten and a provincial governor.<ref name="Petry20"/>
53rd	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Tumanbay II	17 October 1516<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	15 April 1517<ref name="Britannica101-103"/>	Circassian	Last Mamluk sultan.	File:Gold dinar of Tumanbay II.jpg

Hain Ahmed Pasha's Revolt

• Hain Ahmed Pasha (1523–1524)

Muhammad Ali dynasty (1914–1922)

• Hussein Kamel (Sultan of Egypt and Sudan) – 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
• Fuad I (Sultan of Egypt and Sudan) – 9 October 1917 – 16 March 1922