Summit Tunnel fire

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:More footnotes needed Template:Infobox public transit accident The Summit Tunnel fire occurred on 20 December 1984, when a dangerous goods train caught fire while passing through the Summit Tunnel on the railway line between Littleborough and Todmorden on the Greater Manchester/West Yorkshire border, England.

BackgroundEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The tunnel, which is Template:Convert in length, was built in 1840–41. Twelve of the fourteen construction shafts were left open to help vent smoke and steam from the locomotives that passed through it.<ref name = "RA" />

The incident was one of a series of British railway accidents during 1984, coming only days after the fatal collision between an express passenger train and a train of fuel oil tankers at Eccles, Greater Manchester on 4 December.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One day earlier on 3 December a train guard had been killed after a collision between a diesel multiple unit and parcels vans at Longsight also in Manchester.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This third serious railway accident in the North West of England in less than three weeks led the Littleborough and Saddleworth MP Geoffrey Dickens to call for an inquiry into railway safety, in particular with respect to the conveyance of dangerous chemicals such as those involved in the accidents at Eccles and Summit Tunnel.<ref name="Granada News">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>

FireEdit

The train involved was the 01:40 freight train from Haverton Hill, Teesside to Template:Rws oil distribution terminal near Warrington. It was formed by class 47 diesel locomotive 47 125 and thirteen tankers.<ref name = "RA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

At 05:50 on 20 December 1984, the train, carrying more than Template:Convert or Template:Convert of four-star petrol in thirteen tankers, entered the tunnel on the Yorkshire (north) side traveling at Template:Convert.Template:Sfn<ref name="HALL">Template:Cite book</ref> One-third of the way through the tunnel, a defective axle bearing (journal bearing) derailed the fourth tanker, which caused the derailment of those behind.Template:Sfn Only the locomotive and the first three tankers remained on the rails. One of the derailed tankers fell on its side and began to leak petrol into the tunnel. Vapour from the leaking petrol was probably ignited by the damaged axle box.<ref name = "RA" />

The three train crew members could see fire spreading through the ballast beneath the other track in the tunnel, so they left the train and ran the remaining mile to the south portal (where they knew there was a direct telephone connection to the signalman) to raise the alarm.<ref name = "RA" />

Crews from Greater Manchester Fire Brigade and West Yorkshire Fire Brigade quickly attended the scene. Co-ordination between the brigades appears to have worked well, perhaps because they had both participated in an emergency exercise in the tunnel a month before.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Aided by the Greater Manchester Fire Brigade, the train crew returned to the train, where they uncoupled the three tankers still on the rails and used the locomotive to drive them out.<ref name = "RA" /> Fire-fighters then loaded firefighting equipment onto track trolleys and sent a crew with breathing apparatus (BA) in to begin their firefighting operation at the south end of the train.Template:Sfn They also lowered hose lines down one of the ventilation shafts to provide a water supply. At the same time, crews from West Yorkshire fire brigade entered the tunnel and began fighting fires in the ballast at the north end of the train.<ref name="HALL"/>

However, at 9.40 a.m., the pressure in one of the heated tankers rose high enough to open its pressure relief valves. The vented vapour caught fire and blew flames onto the tunnel wall. The wall deflected the flames both ways along the tunnel, and the bricks in the tunnel wall began to spall and melt in the flames.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The BA crews from both brigades decided to evacuate.<ref name=Times211284/> They managed to leave just before the first explosion rocked the tunnel. The firefighters were saved because blast relief shafts 8 and 9 acted as flame vents (a function their designer never envisaged).

Left to itself, the fire burned as hot as it could. As the walls warmed up and the air temperature in the tunnel rose, all 10 tankers discharged petrol vapour from their pressure relief valves. Two tankers melted (at approximately Template:Convert) and discharged their remaining loads.

The fuel supply to the fire was so rich that some of the combustibles were unable to find oxygen inside the tunnel with which to burn; they were instead ejected from vent shafts 8 and 9 as fuel-rich gases that burst into flame when they encountered oxygen in the air outside. At the height of the fire, pillars of flame approximately Template:Convert high rose from the shaft outlets on the hillside above.Template:Sfn

The gases are estimated to have flowed up these shafts at Template:Convert. Air at this speed is capable of blowing around heavy items: hot projectiles made from tunnel lining (rather like lava bombs from a volcano) were cast out over the hillside. These set much of the vegetation on fire,Template:Sfn and caused the closure of the A6033 road.<ref name=Times211284/> In the cleanup operation afterwards, small globules of metal were found on the ground surrounding shaft 9; these had been melted from the tanker walls, swept up with the exhaust gases, and dropped out onto the grass around the top of the shaft.

Unable to get close enough to safely fight the fire directly,Template:Sfn the fire brigades forced high-expansion foam into ventilation shafts far from the fire.<ref name=Times211284/> This created blockages that starved the fire of oxygen. By mid-afternoon the next day, the inferno was no longer burning, though the fire was by no means knocked down. Petrol continued to leak from the derailed wagons through the tunnel drainage and ballast and the vapour sporadically reignited when it came into contact with the hot tunnel lining. Two hundred people were evacuated from their homes and workplaces in Walsden in response.<ref name = "RA" /><ref name=Times211284>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> They were allowed back home the next day.<ref name=Times221284/>

The brigades continued to fight the fire for another two days, until West Yorkshire Fire Brigade issued the stop message just after 6:30 p.m. on Christmas Eve. Fire crews remained at the site until 7 January 1985.Template:Sfn

AftermathEdit

File:Summit Tunnel, North Portal - geograph.org.uk - 60363.jpg

People walking through Summit Tunnel in August 1985, before the line was reopened to traffic

Due to the fire, the line between Template:Rws and Template:Rws was closed. Passenger trains between two stations were replaced by buses.<ref name=Times221284>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> Of the Template:Convert of petrol carried by the train, Template:Convert were rescued by the train crew when they drove the locomotive and the first three tankers to safety. A further Template:Convert of petrol were recovered after the fire was extinguished, and Template:Convert (Template:Convert) burnt.

The damage done by the fire was minimal. Approximately half a mile of track had to be replaced, as did all the electrical services and signalling. The biggest surprise was how well the brick lining had stood up to the fire.<ref name = "RA" /> Although some bricks in the tunnel and in the blast relief shafts had become so hot that they vitrified and ran like molten glass, most of the brickwork lining of the tunnel was scorched but still serviceable. One of the photographs taken in the aftermath shows a rail tanker directly beneath shaft 9: it is crowned with a mass of vitrified slag from bricks in the shaft that had melted and dripped down.

The last of the wagons was removed from the tunnel on 1 March 1985.<ref name = "RA" /> Once British Rail had replaced the track and electrical services, shored up the bases of vent shafts 8 and 9 and filled the two shafts with inert foam (all this took eight months), locals were allowed a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to walk through the tunnel before train services resumed on 19 August 1985.<ref name = "RA" />

At the Masons Arms public house in Todmorden, there is a small collection of photographs noting the fire, along with the statistics of the construction,Template:Citation needed and a quotation by George Stephenson, the tunnel's builder, who said, "I stake my reputation and my head that the tunnel will never fail so as to injure any human life".<ref name=Times010391>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref>

InvestigationEdit

A public enquiry was held into the accident. The hearing was held in Manchester.<ref name=Times090285>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> A report was published on 4 June 1985.<ref name = "RA"/>