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Systems science

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File:Systems thinking about the society.svg
Impression of systems thinking about society

Template:Complex systems Systems science, also referred to as systems research<ref>Ison, Ray. Systems Practice: How to Act: In situations of uncertainty and complexity in a climate-change world, 2nd ed, 2017. Springer, p. 166.</ref> or simply systems,<ref>Ison, Ray. Systems Practice: How to Act: In situations of uncertainty and complexity in a climate-change world, 2nd ed, 2017. Springer, p. 33.</ref> is a transdisciplinary<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout engineering, technology, and science itself.

To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems.<ref>G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.</ref> The field aims to develop transdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business, technology, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.<ref>Philip M'Pherson (1974, p. 229); as cited by: Template:Cite journal. He defined systems science as "the ordered arrangement of knowledge acquired from the study of systems in the observable world, together with the application of this knowledge to the design of man-made systems".</ref>

Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.

Associated fieldsEdit

The systems sciences are a broad array of fields. One way of conceiving of these is in three groups: fields that have developed systems ideas primarily through theory; those that have done so primarily through practical engagements with problem situations; and those that have applied ideas for other disciplines.<ref>Peter Checkland. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: Wiley.</ref>

Theoretical fieldsEdit

Chaos and dynamical systemsEdit

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ComplexityEdit

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Control theoryEdit

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CyberneticsEdit

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Information theoryEdit

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General systems theoryEdit

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Hierarchy TheoryEdit

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Practical fieldsEdit

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Critical systems thinkingEdit

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Operations research and management scienceEdit

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Soft systems methodologyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The soft systems methodology was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year action research programme. The main contributor is Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK), a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University.

Systems analysisEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Systems analysis branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, or interaction with its environment,<ref name="AD 1971">Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: Advances in computers, Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362</ref> often prior to their automation as computer models. Systems analysis is closely associated with the RAND corporation.

Systemic designEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Systemic design integrates methodologies from systems thinking with advanced design practices to address complex, multi-stakeholder situations.

Systems dynamicsEdit

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System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems",<ref>Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation. Oxford University Press. p. 55</ref> which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows.

Systems engineeringEdit

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Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of engineering, that focuses on the development and organization of complex systems. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems",<ref>Derek K. Hitchins (2008) Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology. p. 100</ref> for example: signal processing systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering. Systems Science is foundational to the Embedded Software Development that is founded in the embedded requirements of Systems Engineering.

Applications in other disciplinesEdit

Earth system scienceEdit

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Systems biologyEdit

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Systems chemistryEdit

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Systems ecologyEdit

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Systems psychologyEdit

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See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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