TWA Flight 847

TWA Flight 847 was a regularly scheduled Trans World Airlines flight from Cairo to San Diego with en route stops in Athens, Rome, Boston, and Los Angeles.<ref name=time/> On the morning of June 14, 1985, Flight 847 was hijacked soon after take off from Athens.<ref name=Photius/><ref name="Pilot Photo"/> The Hezbollah hijackers demanded the release of 700 Shia Muslims from Israeli custody and took the plane repeatedly to Beirut and Algiers.<ref name=time>Smith, William E. June 24, 2001. Terror Aboard Flight 847. TIME Magazine. Retrieved: 24 November 2012.</ref><ref name="Photius" /> Later Western analysis confirmed them members of Hezbollah, an allegation Hezbollah rejects.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

The hijacking and subsequent hostage situation played out over the course of 17 days, during which the aircraft crisscrossed the Mediterranean. At the same time many passengers were tied up and beaten and those with Jewish-sounding names were separated from the others. United States Navy diver Robert Stethem was murdered, and his body was thrown onto the airport apron. The ordeal finally ended after some of the hijacker's demands were met and they agreed to release their hostages. Many believed that because of the lawless nature of Lebanon at the time the captors would go without punishment.

Hijacking events

All times are in Algiers time unless otherwise noted

Flight 847 was operated with a Boeing 727–200, registration Template:Airreg The flight originated in Cairo on the morning of June 14.

Day one

After an uneventful flight from Cairo to Athens, a new crew boarded Flight 847. The new crew in Athens were Captain John Testrake, First Officer Phil Maresca, Flight Engineer Christian Zimmerman, flight service manager Uli Derickson, and flight attendants Judy Cox, Hazel Hesp, Elizabeth Howes, and Helen Sheahan.<ref name="zimmermann">See Hostage in a Hostage World: Hope aboard Hijacked TWA 847 (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1985) for Zimmermann's account of this experience.</ref>

10:10 a.m.

Flight 847 departs Athens for Rome. It was hijacked soon after takeoff<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> by two Arabic-speaking Lebanese men who had smuggled a pistol and two grenades through the Athens airport security. One was identified later as Mohammed Ali Hammadi, who was eventually captured and sentenced to life imprisonment in Germany.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hamadi is an alleged member of Hezbollah.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The hijackers assaulted Derickson, dragged her by her hair and breached the cockpit and proceeded to attack and pistol-whip Testrake, Maresca, and Zimmerman.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While still in Greek airspace and with Captain Testrake being held at gunpoint, the hijackers forced the airplane to divert from its original destination of Rome, to the Middle East.

11:57 a.m.

The now hijacked plane made its first stop, at the Beirut International Airport in Lebanon.<ref name=":0" />

Shortly before they were allowed to land Captain Testrake argued with air traffic control, who initially refused to let them land in Beirut, until they relented. When Beirut air traffic control tried to talk to the hijackers, Testrake interrupted, "He has pulled a hand-grenade pin and he is ready to blow up the aircraft if he has to. We must, I repeat, we must land at Beirut. We must land at Beirut. No alternative."<ref name="NYTimes">Template:Cite news</ref>

They remained in Beirut for several hours where 19 passengers were allowed to leave in exchange for fuel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At the time, Lebanon was in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War, and Beirut was divided into sectors controlled by different Shia Amal militia and Hezbollah.

The aircraft departed Beirut at 1:30 p.m.<ref name=":0" />

3:30 p.m.

After crossing the Mediterranean Sea the aircraft arrived at Algiers International Airport in Algeria. During their five-hour stop in Algiers the hijackers issued their demands, which included:

• Release of the "Kuwait 17", those involved in the 1983 bombings of the U.S. embassy in Kuwait<ref name="PBS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Release of all 766 mainly Lebanese Shias transferred to Israel's Atleat Prison<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in conjunction with immediate withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon<ref name="time" /><ref name="Ranstorp, Magnus 1997, p.95">Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 95. Template:Oclc</ref>
• International condemnation of Israel and the United States.<ref name="time" />

21 passengers were released before heading back to Beirut at 8:25 that night.<ref name=":0" />

Day two

File:SW2 Robert Stethem.jpg

Robert Stethem

Beirut International Airport was surrounded by a Shia neighborhood. It had no perimeter security and had been overrun by Islamist militias, and nearby residents could simply drive onto the runway.

2:20 a.m.

The aircraft arrives in Beirut for the second time.

The hijackers had systematically and regularly beaten all the military passengers, but during this stop, they selected U.S. Navy diver, Robert Stethem, beat him, shot him in the right temple, and dumped his body out of the plane onto the ramp and shot him again.^†<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite report</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the stopover seven American passengers, alleged to have Jewish-sounding surnames, were taken off the jet and kept captive in a Shia prison in Beirut, while an additional dozen or so terrorists boarded the flight.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The airplane then departed Beirut at 5:40 a.m.

7:50 a.m.

Flight 847 returns to Algiers where it will spend twenty-five hours on the ground.

Algerian officials boarded the plane to begin negotiations with the terrorists.

The terrorists released three hostages from the aircraft shortly after landing. The Greek government also released an accomplice to the hijackers, Ali Atwa, who was flown to Algiers. In exchange the hijackers released eight Greek citizens, including Greek popular singer Demis Roussos, to be flown by a Greek government business jet from Algiers back to Athens.

All in all 66 hostages, 61 passengers and all 5 female cabin crew members were released in Algiers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":2" />

Day three

12:45 p.m.

The aircraft arrives in Beirut, where it would remain for the remainder of the crisis.

After landing the remaining 29 passengers are removed from the plane and kept captive in Beirut

Days four through seventeen

By the afternoon of June 17, the 40 hostages remaining had been taken from the airplane and kept captive throughout Beirut by Hezbollah.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nabih Berri was the chief of the Amal militia and the minister of justice in the fractured Lebanon cabinet. One of the hostages was released on 26 June when he developed heart trouble. The other 39 remained captive until June 30 when they were collected in a local schoolyard after an intervention by U.S. President Ronald Reagan along with Lebanese officials.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The intervention involved a settlement negotiated by Abraham Sofaer, the Legal Advisor to Reagan's State Department, in which the hostages were released in exchange for Israeli release of Lebanese prisoners. Sofaer argued that this action did not constitute acquiescence to the terrorist's demands because the U.S had objected to Israel’s imprisonment of Lebanese prisoners prior to the incident.<ref>Template:Cite news </ref> The released hostages then met with international journalists and were driven to Syria by the International Red Cross to the Sheraton Hotel and a press conference in Damascus.

The hostages then boarded a U.S. Air Force C-141B Starlifter cargo plane and flew to Rhein-Main AB, Hesse, West Germany, where they were met by U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush, debriefed, given medical examinations, then flown to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland and welcomed home by the president. Over the next several weeks, Israel released over 700 Shia prisoners, while maintaining that the prisoners' release was not related to the hijacking.<ref name="Photius">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Aftermath

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
Australia	3	0	3
France	8	1	9
Greece	15	0	15
Italy	11	0	11
United Kingdom	24	0	24
United States	84	7	91
Total	145	8	153

File:TWA Flight 847 Captain John Testrake with hijacker in Beirut.jpg

John Testrake with a hijacker in Beirut File:Hezbollah hijackers TWA Flight 847.png

A famous image of this hijacking was a photograph showing a gun being held near Captain Testrake, sticking out of the cockpit window, while he and the other pilots were being interviewed by ABC News reporter Charles Glass. The scene was interrupted by one of the French-speaking Hezbollah guards left by the hijackers to hold the crew after most passengers and the cabin crew had been released in Algiers, and the remaining men were held in captivity elsewhere in Beirut. The young militiaman may have unloaded the gun before entering the scene, as he primarily wanted to be on television.<ref name="Pilot Photo">Terror Mastermind's deception cause for skepticism, CNN, February 14, 2008</ref>

Flight attendant Uli Derickson was credited with calming one of the hijackers during a fuel-quantity incident during the first leg to Beirut, because she spoke German, the only European language which either hijacker spoke. Notably, she interrupted an attempt to end the hijacking in Algiers when airport officials refused to refuel the plane without payment by offering her own Shell Oil credit card, which was used to charge about $5,500 for 22,700 L (6,000 gal) of jet fuel, for which she was reimbursed. She also refused to cooperate with the hijackers in identifying for them the passports of any passengers with Jewish-sounding names so they could not be singled out.

Template:USS, an Template:Sclass commissioned in 1995, was named in memory of Robert Stethem.<ref name="Navy DDG-63">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The aircraft involved in the hijacking was put back into service. It remained in service for TWA until the aircraft was retired on September 30, 2000. It ceremoniously operated the airline's final revenue flight of their Boeing 727 fleet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Alleged perpetrators

Hezbollah specialist Magnus Ranstorp of the University of St Andrews credits "leading" Hezbollah members Hassan Izz-Al-Din (later involved with the Kuwait Airways Flight 422 hijacking in 1988) and Mohammed Ali Hammadi, whose brother was one of the commanders of the Hezbollah Special Security Apparatus, with assisting Hezbollah operatives in the "supervision and planning of the incident itself and as an active participant in the defusion and resolution".<ref name="Ranstorp, Magnus 1997, p.95"/>

On October 10, 2001, in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, three of the alleged hijackers, Imad Mughniyeh, Ali Atwa, and Hassan Izz-Al-Din, having been indicted earlier in United States district courts for the 1985 skyjacking of the American airliner, were among the original 22 fugitives announced by President George W. Bush to be placed on the newly formed FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list. Rewards of $5 million for information resulting in the arrest and conviction of Atwa and Izz-Al-Din are still being offered by the United States.

Mohammed Ali Hammadi was arrested in 1987 in Frankfurt, West Germany, while attempting to smuggle liquid explosives, two years after the TWA Flight 847 attack. In addition to the West German charge of illegal importation of explosives, he was tried and convicted of Stethem's 1985 murder and was sentenced to life in prison. However, he was paroled and released by German officials on December 20, 2005, and returned to Lebanon.<ref name="msnbc">Germany paroles terrorist after 19-year term, NBC News</ref><ref name="2004Germany">Will Germany Release an American-Killer?, January 27, 2004</ref> There has been speculation that his parole was granted as part of a covert prisoner swap, in exchange for the release of Susanne Osthoff. Taken hostage in Iraq a month prior, Osthoff was released the week of Hammadi's parole.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On February 14, 2006 the United States formally asked the Lebanese government to extradite Mohammed Ali Hammadi for Stethem's murder.<ref name="bbc">US 'seeks justice' for hijacker, BBC News</ref> On February 24, 2006, he appeared as well on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list, with the name Mohammed Ali "Hamadei" (sic). He was among the second group of indicted fugitives to be named by the FBI to the list.<ref name="24threlease">FBI updates most wanted terrorists and seeking information – War on Terrorism Lists Template:Webarchive, FBI national Press Release, February 24, 2006</ref>

Several news outlets reported the announcement by Hezbollah of the death of Imad Mughniyeh in a car bomb explosion in Syria on February 13, 2008.<ref name="MSNBC">Hezbollah: Top militant wanted by U.S. slain, MSNBC February 13, 2008</ref> The remaining three fugitives from TWA Flight 847 remain on the list, and at large.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On September 19, 2019, Greek police arrested a 65-year-old Lebanese man who was accused of involvement in the hijacking. The man was arrested at Mykonos during a passport check for cruise ship passengers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was aboard a cruise ship that had crossed Rhodes, Santorini and Mykonos. Mykonos was the last stop before returning to Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was later released after police determined it was a case of mistaken identity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hezbollah reportedly denies culpability in the TWA Flight 847 hijacking, among its denials of numerous other attacks that have been attributed to the group.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Film

• The Delta Force film of 1986 is based on the TWA 847 hijacking.
• The Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson Story is a 1988 TV movie based on the incident focusing on the role of flight attendant Uli Derickson (played by Lindsay Wagner).

Footnotes

† There is some discrepancy between sources as to when the Stethem incident occurred with some sources indicating it took place during the first stop in Beirut while others suggest it occurred during the second. Overall, more reliable sources seem to agree the murder took place during the second stop.

See also

• Trans World Airlines Flight 106

External links

• FBI Most Wanted Terrorists at fbi.gov web site
• Top Hezbollah militant slain
• John Testrake, 68, TWA pilot who became hero in hijacking