Taconic Mountains

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The Taconic Mountains (Template:IPAc-en) are a 150-mile-long sub-range of the Appalachian Mountains lying on the eastern border of New York State and adjacent New England. The range, which played a role in the history of geological science, is separated from the Berkshires and Green Mountains to the east by a series of valleys, principally those of the Housatonic River, Battenkill River and Otter Creek. The Taconics' highest point is Mount Equinox in Vermont at Template:Convert; among many other summits are Dorset Mountain, Mount Greylock and Mount Everett.<ref name="GMC-d">Day Hiker's Guide to Vermont 5th ed. (2006). Green Mountain Club: Waterbury Center, Vermont</ref><ref name="Raymo">Raymo, Chet and Raymo, Maureen E. (1989). Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Chester, Connecticut: Globe Pequot.</ref><ref name="geomap">Doll, Charles G. Centennial Geologic Map of Vermont (1961). United States Geological Survey: Washington</ref>

Forests are predominately maple-beech-birch with some spruce-fir at higher elevations, "and oak and hickory common to the south and at lower elevations."<ref>Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Bryce, S.A., Royte, J., Hoar, W.D., Homer, J., Keirstead, D., Metzler, K.J., and Hellyer, G., 2009, Ecoregions of New England (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,325,000)</ref> Parts of the Taconics are in the New England-Acadian forests ecoregion.<ref name="ecoregions">Template:Cite journal</ref> Although mostly private property, the Taconics contain a half-dozen sizable state forests and parks, as well as many preserves of lesser acreage protected by land trusts.<ref name="renstrust.org">"Taconic Crest Project" Rensselaer Land Trust. Retrieved February 13, 2011. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nature.org">[1] "Equinox Highlands, Manchester and Dorset, Vermont." The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved February 13, 2011.</ref><ref name="Woodlands 2010">Wildlands and Woodlands: A Vision for the New England Landscape. Harvard Forest (2010). Harvard University.</ref><ref name="BNRC"/><ref name="thefreelibrary.com">"The Nature Conservancy and Intel Corporation Launch Berkshire Taconic Landscape Educational Web Site; New Educational Site for Parents, Students & Teachers Includes Educational Lesson Plans." (2002) PR Newswire Association, duplicated by thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved February 13, 2011. LLC [2]</ref> Several hundred miles of trails are within these mountains, including parts of the Appalachian Trail.

NameEdit

Taconic is likely from a Delaware word meaning "in the trees".<ref>"Taconite, The Derivation of the Name" Edward W. Davis, Minnesota History magazine [3]</ref> The spelling "Taghkanic", among several variant transliterations, is current for about a half-dozen locales, mostly within the immediate region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Lake Taghkanic State Park

Template:Webarchive New York Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. Retrieved January 4, 2009.</ref> As written English, the term appears in a 1685 petition for the right to purchase land in western Massachusetts.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Timothy Dwight IV used the name "Taughkannuc Mountain" in an account of his 1781 ascent of the summit later named Mount Everett. Dwight's account was deemed the "first recorded ascent" of that peak in a 1989 text on regional hiking history.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>page 79, Forest and Craig, Laura and Guy Waterman, 1989, AMC</ref>

The term first entered geological literature in 1819 with Chester Dewey's "Sketch of the Mineralogy and Geology of the Vicinity of Williams' College". It gained prominence in the field when Dewey's protégé Emmons proposed the existence of a "Taconic System" in 1839 (see above). In the 20th century, it became attached to the theory of an Ordovician mountain-building event involving much of what is now eastern North America named the "Taconic Orogeny".<ref>page 175, text and footnote 6, "The Great Taconic Controversy", Schneer, C.</ref>

GeologyEdit

The range is part of the Taconic Allochthon, a local rock structure which traveled to its current position from about 25 miles to the east through low-angle thrusting.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Rocks of this allochthon are older than the strata lying beneath, and consist of slate, phyllite, and schist, "plus some minor lenses of limestone." The Taconic allochthon is larger than the current Taconic Mountains, extending westward toward the Hudson River. It formed during the Ordovician period in the collision of the North American Plate into a volcanic island arc.<ref name="Raymo" /><ref>: Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Bryce, S.A., Royte, J., Hoar, W.D., Homer, J., Keirstead, D., Metzler, K.J., and Hellyer, G., 2009, Ecoregions of New England (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,325,000).</ref>

Geologist E-An Zen proved this allochthon's existence in 1966 via a study of the region's faulting, although it had been proposed around 1906 by Rudolf Ruedemann and separately by Arthur Keith, each using concepts associated with French geologist Marcel Alexandre Bertrand. Their proposals regarding the Taconics, however, were viewed as unproven and controversial until Zen's work.<ref name="jstor_230428_p173-191">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">"The Taconic Controversy: What Forces Make a Range?," Appalachia: Vol. 73: No. 1, Article 5.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

An earlier and largely separate dispute over the age of the Taconic Mountains based on the region's sparse fossil record began in the 1830s and centered on the theory of Ebenezer Emmons of Williams College that the range was older than its surroundings with a distinct geology he named "the Taconic System." In opposing Emmons' theory, James Hall of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute initially gained prominent support from famed international scientists of the day, including Louis Agassiz and Charles Lyell.

Emmons died in 1863, yet as late as the 1880s two leading geologists of the era James Dwight Dana (Yale University) and Jules Marcou wrote of their continued and sometimes bitter disagreements over Emmons' theory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This early phase of ideas about the Taconic Mountains is compared with the Great Devonian Controversy that preoccupied British geologists for part of the 19th century.<ref name="jstor_230428_p173-191"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

DescriptionEdit

South TaconicsEdit

This area includes a locally significant and expansive area of undisturbed forest, although only a fraction is assured protection from development. Mount Washington State Forest and Taconic State Park are among the larger public properties within the immediate region. The highest summit here is Mount Everett Template:Convert, home of a pitch pine and scrub oak biome. Others include Mount Frissell, the south slope of which contains the highest point in Connecticut at Template:Convert; Bear Mountain Template:Convert, the highest mountain peak in Connecticut; Alander Mountain Template:Convert, Brace Mountain Template:Convert,; and Mount Fray Template:Convert, home of the Catamount Ski Area. The Appalachian Trail traverses the eastern escarpment of the range; the Template:Convert South Taconic Trail traverses the western escarpment, passing near Bash Bish Falls, reputedly Massachusetts' highest waterfall.

Central Segment and Upper Hoosic River Valley RegionEdit

From Catamount Ski Area north to the Hoosic River Valley, a straight-line distance of about 50 miles, the crest initially shifts slightly west. Notable summits in the southern part of this segment are Bald Mountain, Template:Convert, and Harvey Mountain, Template:Convert, as well as Beebe Hill, Template:Convert, with its summit fire tower.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Several miles to the northeast of Harvey Mountain is West Stockbridge Mountain and the Lenox Mountain massif; taken together, modern conservationists have named these two separate areas Yokun Ridge, an Template:Convert zone extending from the Massachusetts Turnpike to the southerly neighborhoods of Pittsfield at elevations ranging between roughly Template:Convert.<ref name="USBGN1">(2009) United States Board on Geographic Names. Database entry. [4]. Retrieved February 10, 2011.</ref>

At Pittsfield, the crest shifts west once again to hills contained within Pittsfield State Forest and the contiguous Balance Rock Park and Bates Memorial State Park, where heights include Holy Mount Template:Convert, (once the location of religious rituals practiced by a former Shaker community) and Berry Hill Template:Convert, notable for its extensive stands of wild azalea.

File:Berlin and Misery Mountains.JPG

Misery Mountain (left) and Berlin Mountain (right) seen from the east in South Williamstown, MA

North of Jiminy Peak Template:Convert, the valley of Kinderhook Creek cuts through the hills. Here the westernmost ridgeline is dominated by Misery Mountain and Berlin Mountain Template:Convert and extending into Pownal, Vermont. In this vicinity is Mount Greylock Template:Convert, the highest point in Massachusetts and the long ridge of Template:Convert Brodie Mountain.

File:Greylock & Hopper.JPG

Mount Greylock with its glacial cirque, the Hopper, is geologically part of the Taconic Mountain Range although culturally associated with the Berkshires

Significant public property within the Taconics' central segment includes New York's Beebe Hill and Harvey Mt. State Forest,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/environmentdec/18895.html Template:Webarchive</ref> Berlin State Forest, Pittsfield State Forest and the contiguous Taconic Ridge State Forest and Taconic Trail State Park in New York and Massachusetts, respectively, as well as the Mount Greylock State Reservation.

Within this segment are also three long-distance trails (the Appalachian Trail, the Taconic Crest Trail, and the Taconic Skyline Trail)s.<ref name="AMC">Massachusetts Trail Guide (2004). Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club.</ref><ref name="BNRC-y">Yokun Ridge (2005). Berkshire Natural Resources Council. Pittsfield, Massachusetts.</ref><ref name="BNRC-g">Mount Greylock (2001). Berkshire Natural Resources Council. Pittsfield, Massachusetts</ref><ref>"Key parcel on Taconic Ridgeline protected" Berkshire Natural Resources Council. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>"Welcome to the...Beebe Hill Fire Tower." beebehill.info Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref>

Southern VermontEdit

North of the Massachusetts border, the profile of the Taconic Range is cut by the Hoosic River in the vicinity of Bennington, Vermont. Mount Anthony Template:Convert, notable for its caves and as the location of the former Southern Vermont College, stands as a satellite peak above the surrounding eroded terrain. North of Bennington, the range gradually rises to its highest prominence with peaks such as Mount Equinox Template:Convert, the high point of the Taconic Mountains, and Dorset Mountain Template:Convert, a New England 100 Highest list summit. Other notable summits include Grass Mountain Template:Convert, a New England Fifty Finest list mountain; and Mount Aeolus Template:Convert, the location of several defunct marble quarries and the site of Aeolus Cave an important bat hibernaculum. Designated hiking trails are located on Mount Equinox, Dorset Mountain, and Mount Aeolus, and several other peaks within the region.<ref name="GMC-d"/><ref>Southern Vermont College Template:Webarchive Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>"Back Issues of The Northeastern Caver" The Northeastern Caver. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>Maizlish, Aaron (2003)."Northeastern US Mountains (New York and New England) Showing Peaks with 2,000 Feet of Prominence" Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>"The New England Hundred Highest List." Template:Webarchive The Four Thousand Footer Club. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>"Local Conservation Projects funded by VHCB." Vermont Housing & Conservation Board. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref>

Northern terminusEdit

Immediately north of Danby, Vermont, the Taconic Range broadens and becomes lower. It exhibits several parallel ridgelines, dominated to the west by mountains composed of slate and similar rock, most notably the ridgeline of Saint Catherine Mountain Template:Convert, with its conspicuous Template:Convert long cliff face visible from Wells and Poultney. The area around Lake Saint Catherine contains extensive slate quarries. The ridgeline to the east, composed of schist and phyllite, is dominated by the Template:Convert escarpment of Tinmouth Mountain Template:Convert, overlooking the Valley of Vermont to the east in the town of Tinmouth. A field of less descript ridges and peaks lies between these two summits.<ref name="geomap"/><ref name="Delorme">DeLorme Topo 6.0 (2004). Mapping software. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme.</ref><ref name="Bomo">Bomoseen State Park (1989). Vermont Agency of Natural Resources: Waterbury Center, Vermont.</ref><ref>Hitchcock, Edward(1831). Report on the Geology of Vermont. Harvard University.</ref>

Near the end of the range, in the vicinity of Rutland, Vermont, the Taconic Mountains show several prominent peaks with dramatic, irregular cliff faces clearly visible from U.S. Route 4 west of the city of Rutland; these include Herrick Mountain Template:Convert; Grandpa's Knob Template:Convert, the former site of the Smith–Putnam wind turbine, the first large-scale electricity-producing wind turbine; and the butte-like Bird Mountain (also called Birdseye Mountain) Template:Convert, home of the Bird Mountain Wildlife Management Area and notable as an important raptor migration path and nesting site. Also part of the Taconic Mountains are the foothills of the Lake Bomoseen region west of Birdseye and Grandpa's Knob, notable for their extensive slate quarrying operations. North of Grandpa's Knob, the Taconic Range soon diminishes into scattered hills which extend north into the Burlington, Vermont region. Isolated summits in this area include Snake Mountain Template:Convert, a Nature Conservancy preserve featuring a variety of rare and endangered species; and Mount Philo Template:Convert, home of Mount Philo State Park with its mountaintop campground.<ref name="Delorme"/><ref>"Birdseye Mountain Castleton/Ira, VT 1961–1962 to ~1967" New England Lost Ski Areas Project. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"Historic Wind Development in New England: Grandpa's Knob" New England Wind Forum: United States Department of Energy. From "Breezin' through History", an article published in the Rutland Herald According November 4, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>"Wildlife Habitat and Public Access Protected on 151 Acres." (29 November 2005). The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved January 4, 2009.</ref>

HistoryEdit

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Natural resource extraction has been an important industry in the Taconic Mountains; extraction industries have included marble, limestone, slate, and iron mining as well as logging and charcoaling.<ref name="Woodlands 2010"/><ref name="BNRC">South Taconic Range: Trail Guide and Map. Berkshire Natural Resources Council (2002). Pittsfield, Massachusetts.Also available online Template:Webarchive; Retrieved December 27, 2008.</ref>

ConservationEdit

Along with various state properties, some mentioned elsewhere in this article, the Berkshire Natural Resources Council and the Nature Conservancy have been active in the region. The U.S. Forest Service has designated several areas within the Taconics under its Forest Legacy Program, which affords subsidies for the acquisition of conservation easement, although practical effects have been limited.<ref>DCR Site Help. Mass.gov. Retrieved on 2014-04-12.</ref> Minor fragments of the Green Mountain National Forest are located in the Northern Taconics. Multi-partner collaboratives that have targeted the Taconic Mountains with limited results and include the New England Wildlands and Woodlands Collaborative, a regional conservation agenda for the New England states produced by representatives of dozens of non-profits and academic institutions and, more specifically, the Taconic Crest Project, which involves the states of New York, Massachusetts, and Vermont in collaboration with local land trusts and The Nature Conservancy.<ref name="renstrust.org"/><ref name="nature.org"/><ref name="Woodlands 2010"/><ref name="BNRC"/><ref name="thefreelibrary.com"/>

ReferencesEdit

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