Tashkurgan
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Tashkurgan,Template:Efn historically known as Sarikol and Shitoucheng, is a town in the far west of China, close to the country's border with Tajikistan. It is seat of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, in the autonomous region of Xinjiang. TajiksTemplate:Sndethnic Pamiris who live in the Pamir Mountains of XinjiangTemplate:Sndmake up a little over half of Tashkurgan's population.
Tashkurgan was a significant stop on the Silk Road, with roads leading to major centers of trade such as Kashgar. It also served as the capital of a number of ancient and pre-modern kingdoms.
EtymologyEdit
The town is named after a stone fortress to its north; Tashkurgan accordingly means "stone fortress" in the Turkic languages. The official English spelling (per the Chinese government) of the name is Taxkorgan,<ref name="3rdedition">Template:Cite book</ref> while Tashkorgan appears occasionally in literature. The historical Chinese name for the town was Shitoucheng ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), which literally means "stone city" in the context of a fortified city. The town was also historically known as Sarikol (Template:Langx, or Template:Langx),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> after the Sarikol Range. The modern Uyghur name of the town is Tashqorghan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
HistoryEdit
Ancient and pre-modern historyEdit
Template:History of Central Asia Template:Wikisourcelang Tashkurgan has a long history as a stop on the Silk Road. Major caravan routes converged here leading to Kashgar in the north, Kargilik to the east, Badakhshan and Wakhan to the west, and Chitral and Hunza to the southwest (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan).
About 2,000 years ago, during the Han dynasty, Tashkurgan was the main centre of the Kingdom of Puli ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) mentioned in the Book of Han and the Book of the Later Han. Later it became known as Varshadeh.<ref>Hill (2009), Note 20.2, pp. 394–401.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mentions in the Weilüe of the Kingdom of Manli ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) probably also refer to Tashkurgan.<ref>Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by Yu Huan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translationTemplate:Nbsp... Link</ref>
Some scholars believe that Tashkurgan is the "Stone Tower" mentioned by Ptolemy in his famous treatise Geography, which is said to have marked the midway point between Europe and China on the old Silk Road. Other scholars, however, disagree with this identification, though it remains one of the four most probable sites for the Stone Tower.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Centuries later Tashkurgan became the capital of the Sarikol Kingdom located in the Pamir Mountains, and later of Qiepantuo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) under the Persian Empire. At the northeast corner of the town is a huge fortress known as the Tashkurgan Fort dating from the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368 CE) and the subject of many colourful local legends. A ruined fire temple is near the fortress.
The Buddhist monk Xuanzang passed through Tashkurgan around 649 CE, on his way to Khotan from Badakhshan, as did Song Yun around 500 CE. When British archaeologist Aurel Stein passed through the town in the early twentieth century he was pleased to find that Tashkurgan matched the descriptions left by those travellers: discussing Qiepantuo, Xuanzang recorded (in Samuel Beal's translation): "This country is about 200 li in circuit; the capital rests on a great rocky crag of the mountain, and is backed by the river Śitâ. It is about 20 li in circuit."<ref name=SteinSand72>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=BealSIYuKi298>Template:Cite book</ref> Xuanzang's discussion of Qiepantuo in book twelve of Great Tang Records on the Western Regions recounts a tale which might explain the name of Princess Castle, a tourist attraction near Tashkurgan: A Han Chinese princess on her way to marry a Persian king is placed on a high rock for safety during local unrest. She becomes pregnant from a mysterious stranger, ultimately giving birth to a powerful king and founding the royal line ruling at the time of Xuanzang's visit. Stein records a version of this, current at the time of his visit, in which the princess is the daughter of the Persian king Naushīrvān.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Princess Castle is believed to be located Template:Convert south of the town near Chalachigu Valley.
Stein argued that, judging from the topography and remains found around Tashkurgan, the fort and associated settlements had clearly been central to the broader Sarikol area, controlling routes from the Oxus to the oases of southern Turkestan.<ref name=SteinAncKhot23>Template:Cite book</ref>
Xuanzang describes a substantial Buddhist site with tall towers, leading Stein to speculate as to whether the pilgrimage site dedicated to Shāh Auliya, several hundred yards to the northeast of the town site, and in use at the time of his visit, might have seen continuous but changing local use as a holy site down the centuries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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Modern historyEdit
During the Ili Rebellion from 1944 to 1949, Uyghur forces slaughtered the livestock of Tajiks as they advanced south.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1959, Tashkurgan Commune ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was established.<ref name="xzqhtashkurgan1997"/>
In 1984, Tashkurgan Commune became Tashkurgan Town.<ref name="xzqhtashkurgan1997"/>
A number of residential communities have been added to and removed from Tashkurgan for census purposes. In 2010–2011, the residential communities of Bulakegale ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Xudong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) were added to the town and Kuonabazha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Yingshahai'er ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) were removed.<ref name="statstashkurgan2010">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="statstashkurgan2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016–2017, the residential community Xingfu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was added to the town.<ref name="statstashkurgan2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="statstashkurgan2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017–2018, the residential community Hongqi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was added to the town.<ref name="statstashkurgan2017"/><ref name="statstashkurgan2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018–2019, the residential community Shajilin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was added to the town.<ref name="statstashkurgan2018"/><ref name="statstashkurgan2019"/>
MuseumEdit
In Tashkurgan there is a museum named the National Culture and Art Centre that houses a few local artifacts, a photographic display and, in the basement, two mummies – one of a young woman about 18 and another of a baby about three months old who was not hers. They are labelled as dating from the Bronze Age to the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). The mummies were discovered in the nearby Xiabandi Valley on the old caravan route to Yarkand. The valley has now been flooded for a hydro-electric project.
GeographyEdit
Tashkurgan is the seat of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County. It is situated at an altitude of Template:Convert on the borders of both Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and close to the borders of Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan. Tashkurgan is a market town for sheep, wool and woollen goods, particularly carpets, and is surrounded by orchards. The majority population in the town are Tajiks (Pamiris). The majority of people in the region speak Sarikoli. There is also a village of Wakhi speakers. Mandarin Chinese and Uyghur are also spoken.
The Tashkurgan River begins just north of the Khunjerab Pass and flows north along the Karakoram Highway to Tashkurgan. Just north of Tashkurgan it turns east and flows through a gorge to the Tarim Basin where it joins the Yarkand River.
ClimateEdit
Tashkurgan has a cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), influenced by the high elevation, with long, very cold winters, and warm summers. Monthly daily average temperatures range from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July, while the annual mean is Template:Convert. An average of only Template:Convert of precipitation falls per year.
Administrative divisionsEdit
Template:Asof, the town included six residential communities (Mandarin Chinese pinyin-derived names):<ref name="statstashkurgan2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Kashigale ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Bulakegale ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Xudong ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Xingfu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Hongqi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Shajilin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
As of 2009, there were three residential communities:<ref name="statstashkurgan2009">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Kashigale ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Kuonabazha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Yingshahai'er ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
TransportationEdit
As the area is remote from populated regions, it is served by Tashiku'ergan Hongqilafu Airport, which opened on 23 December 2022, with 3800 meter runway. It is China's closest airport to Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan. The airport offers one flight to Kashgar every day.
Karakoram HighwayEdit
Today Tashkurgan is on the Karakoram Highway which follows the old Silk Road route from China to Pakistan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Accommodation is available and it is a recommended overnight stop for road travellers from China to Pakistan, in order to have the best chance of crossing the snow-prone Khunjerab Pass in daylight. Special registration with the police must be made before entering Tashkurgan, and Chinese citizens must receive written permission from their local police department before entering the region.
Travelling from Xinjiang, it is about Template:Convert south of Kashgar and is the last town before the border with Pakistan. It is Template:Convert over the Khunjerab Pass from Sust, which is the Pakistani border town. Passenger road service between Tashkurgan and the Pakistani towns of Sust and Gilgit has existed for many years, and road service between Kashgar and Gilgit (via Tashkurgan and Sust) started in summer 2006. However, the border crossing between China and Pakistan at Khunjerab Pass (the highest border of the world) is open only between 1 May and 15 October. During winter, the roads are blocked by snow. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Belt and Road Initiative
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
- Taghdumbash Pamir
- Taxkorgan Nature Reserve
- List of township-level divisions of Xinjiang
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
- Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. Template:ISBN (pbk); Template:ISBN (hbk).
- Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge. Template:ISBN.
- 库尔班, 西仁, 马达 力包仑, and 米尔扎 杜斯买买提. 中国塔吉克史料汇编. Ürümqi: 新疆大学出版社, 2003. Template:ISBN.