Tautomer
In chemistry, tautomers (Template:IPAc-en)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are structural isomers (constitutional isomers) of chemical compounds that readily interconvert.<ref name=Antonov2013>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Antonov2016>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=March>Template:Cite book </ref><ref name=Katritzkybook>Template:Cite book</ref> The chemical reaction interconverting the two is called tautomerization. This conversion commonly results from the relocation of a hydrogen atom within the compound. The phenomenon of tautomerization is called tautomerism, also called desmotropism. Tautomerism is for example relevant to the behavior of amino acids and nucleic acids, two of the fundamental building blocks of life.
Care should be taken not to confuse tautomers with depictions of "contributing structures" in chemical resonance. Tautomers are distinct chemical species that can be distinguished by their differing atomic connectivities, molecular geometries, and physicochemical and spectroscopic properties,<ref name=Smith>Template:Cite journal</ref> whereas resonance forms are merely alternative Lewis structure (valence bond theory) depictions of a single chemical species, whose true structure is a quantum superposition, essentially the "average" of the idealized, hypothetical geometries implied by these resonance forms.
The term tautomer is derived Template:Ety.
ExamplesEdit
Tautomerization is pervasive in organic chemistry.<ref name=Antonov2013/><ref name=IUPAC>Template:GoldBookRef</ref> It is typically associated with polar molecules and ions containing functional groups that are at least weakly acidic. Most common tautomers exist in pairs, which means that the hydrogen is located at one of two positions, and even more specifically the most common form involves a hydrogen changing places with a double bond: Template:Chem2. Common tautomeric pairs include:<ref name=Antonov2016/><ref name=March/>
- ketone – enol: Template:Chem2, see keto–enol tautomerism
- enamine – imine: Template:Chem2
- cyanamide – carbodiimide
- guanidine – guanidine – guanidine: With a central carbon surrounded by three nitrogens, a guanidine group allows this transform in three possible orientations
- amide – imidic acid: Template:Chem2 (e.g., the latter is encountered during nitrile hydrolysis reactions)
- lactam – lactim, a cyclic form of amide-imidic acid tautomerism in 2-pyridone and derived structures such as the nucleobases guanine, thymine, and cytosine<ref name=Katritzkybook/>
- imine – imine, e.g., during pyridoxal phosphate catalyzed enzymatic reactions
- nitro – aci-nitro (nitronic acid): Template:Chem2
- nitroso – oxime: Template:Chem2
- ketene – ynol, which involves a triple bond: Template:Chem2
- amino acid – ammonium carboxylate, which applies to the building blocks of the proteins. This shifts the proton more than two atoms away, producing a zwitterion rather than shifting a double bond: Template:Chem2
- phosphite – phosphonate: Template:Chem2 between trivalent and pentavalent phosphorus.
PrototropyEdit
Prototropy is the most common form of tautomerism and refers to the relocation of a hydrogen atom.<ref name=IUPAC/> Prototropic tautomerism may be considered a subset of acid-base behavior. Prototropic tautomers are sets of isomeric protonation states with the same empirical formula and total charge. Tautomerizations are catalyzed by:<ref name=March/>
- bases, involving a series of steps: deprotonation, formation of a delocalized anion (e.g., an enolate), and protonation at a different position of the anion; and
- acids, involving a series of steps: protonation, formation of a delocalized cation, and deprotonation at a different position adjacent to the cation).
Two specific further subcategories of tautomerizations:
- Annular tautomerism is a type of prototropic tautomerism wherein a proton can occupy two or more positions of the heterocyclic systems found in many drugs, for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole; 1H-, 2H- and 4H- 1,2,4-triazole; 1H- and 2H- isoindole.<ref name=Katritzky>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Ring–chain tautomers occur when the movement of the proton is accompanied by a change from an open structure to a ring, such as the open chain and cyclic hemiacetal (typically pyranose or furanose forms) of many sugars.<ref name=March/>Template:Rp (See Template:Slink.) The tautomeric shift can be described as H−O ⋅ C=O ⇌ O−C−O−H, where the "⋅" indicates the initial absence of a bond.
Valence tautomerismEdit
Valence tautomerism is a type of tautomerism in which single and/or double bonds are rapidly formed and ruptured, without migration of atoms or groups.<ref name=Gold>Template:GoldBookRef</ref> It is distinct from prototropic tautomerism, and involves processes with rapid reorganisation of bonding electrons.
A pair of valence tautomers with formula C6H6O are benzene oxide and oxepin.<ref name=Gold/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Other examples of this type of tautomerism can be found in bullvalene, and in open and closed forms of certain heterocycles, such as organic azides and tetrazoles,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> or mesoionic münchnone and acylamino ketene.
Valence tautomerism requires a change in molecular geometry and should not be confused with canonical resonance structures or mesomers.
Inorganic materialsEdit
In inorganic extended solids, valence tautomerism can manifest itself in the change of oxidation states its spatial distribution upon the change of macroscopic thermodynamic conditions. Such effects have been called charge ordering or valence mixing to describe the behavior in inorganic oxides.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Consequences for chemical databasesEdit
The existence of multiple possible tautomers for individual chemical substances can lead to confusion. For example, samples of 2-pyridone and 2-hydroxypyridine do not exist as separate isolatable materials: the two tautomeric forms are interconvertible and the proportion of each depends on factors such as temperature, solvent, and additional substituents attached to the main ring.<ref name=Katritzky/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Historically, each form of the substance was entered into databases such as those maintained by the Chemical Abstracts Service and given separate CAS Registry Numbers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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}}</ref> The latter is now a "replaced" registry number so that look-up by either identifier reaches the same entry. The facility to automatically recognise such potential tautomerism and ensure that all tautomers are indexed together has been greatly facilitated by the creation of the International Chemical Identifier (InChI) and associated software.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Thus the standard InChI for either tautomer is
InChI=1S/C5H5NO/c7-5-3-1-2-4-6-5/h1-4H,(H,6,7).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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