Tayma

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Tayma Template:IPAc-en (Template:Langx; Taymanitic: 𐪉𐪃𐪒, Template:Sc, vocalized as: Template:Transliteration Template:Sfn) or Tema is a large oasis with a long history of settlement, located in northwestern Saudi Arabia at the point where the trade route between Medina and Dumah (Sakakah) begins to cross the Nafud desert. Tayma is located Template:Cvt southeast of the city of Tabuk, and about Template:Cvt north of Medina.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is located in the western part of the Nafud desert.

HistoryEdit

The historical significance of Tayma is based on the existence there of an oasis, which helped it become a stopping point on commercial desert routes.<ref name=Rock>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An important event was the presence there of Nabonidus, the last Neo-Babylonian emperor, who took residence there in the mid-6th century BC.<ref name=Rock/>

Bronze Age: Egyptian inscriptionEdit

Recent archaeological discoveries show that Tayma has been inhabited since at least the Bronze Age. In 2010, the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia announced the discovery of the Pharaonic Tayma inscription by Ramesses III about 60 kilometers northwest of Tayma. It read "'The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, User-Maat-Ra, beloved of Amun' -- 'The Son of Ra, Lord of Crowns, Ramesses, ruler of Heliopolis' -- 'Beloved of the "Great Ruler of All Lands'".<ref>Sperveslage, Gunnar, and Ricardo Eichmann, "Egyptian Cultural Impact on North-West Arabia in the Second and First Millennia BC", Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 42, pp. 371–83, 2012</ref> This was the first confirmed find of a hieroglyphic inscription on Saudi soil. Based on this discovery, researchers have hypothesized that Tayma was part of an important land route between the Red Sea coast of the Arabian Peninsula and the Nile.Template:Citation needed

Assyrian, Babylonian, and biblical sourcesEdit

File:Teima stone Louvre AO1505.jpg

Aramaic inscription from Tayma Known as the Tayma Stones. (6th century BC.)

The oldest mention of the oasis city appears as "Tiamat" in Neo-Babylonian inscriptions dating as far back as the 8th century BC. The oasis developed into a prosperous city rich in wells and handsome buildings. Tiglath-pileser III received tribute from Tayma<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Sennacherib (r. 705–681 BC) named one of Nineveh's gates the Desert Gate, recording that "the gifts of the Sumu'anite and the Teymeite enter through it". It was rich and proud enough in the seventh century BC for Jeremiah to prophesy against it in Template:Bibleverse: "Dedan, Tema, and Buz, and all those who have their hair clipped". It was ruled then by a local Arab dynasty known as the Qedarites. The names of two 8th century BC queens, Šamši and Zabibe, are recorded.Template:Citation needed

Emperor Nabonidus (ruled c. 556–539 BC) conquered Tayma, and for ten years of his reign retired there to worship and search for prophecies, entrusting the kingship of Babylon to his son, Belshazzar.<ref name=":0" /> Taymanitic inscriptions also mention that the people of Tayma fought wars with Dadān (Lihyan).<ref name=krc2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Clarify

Cuneiform inscriptions possibly dating from the 6th century BC have been recovered from Tayma.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They are known as the Tayma stones.

Tayma is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. The biblical eponym is Tema, one of the sons of Ishmael, after whom the Land of Tema is named.Template:Citation needed it was mentioned in Habakkuk 3 under the name תֵּימָן Tēmān.

Jewish community: classical period and 12th centuryEdit

According to Arab tradition, Tayma was inhabited by a Jewish community during the late classical period, but whether they were exiled Judeans or the Arab descendants of converts is unclear. The Jewish diaspora at the time of the Temple's destruction, according to Josephus, was in Parthia, Babylonia, Arabia, as well as some Jews beyond the Euphrates and in Adiabene. In Josephus' own words, he had informed "the remotest Arabians" about the destruction.<ref>Template:PACEJ Greek: Ἀράβων τε τοὺς πορρωτάτω = Preface to Josephus' De Bello Judaico, paragraph 2, "the remotest Arabians" (lit. "the Arabian [Jews] that are further on").</ref> So, too, in pre-Islamic poetry, Tayma is often referred to as a fortified city belonging to the Jews, as an anonymous Arab poet wrote, "Unto God will I make my complaint heard, but not unto man; because I am a sojourner in Taymā, Taymā of the Jews!"<ref>Template:Cite book cf. al-Ṭabbā‘ in his Forward to Samaw’al 1997, p. 7Template:Full citation needed</ref>

As late as the 6th century AD, Tayma was the home of a wealthy Jew, Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Tayma and neighboring Khaybar were visited by Benjamin of Tudela sometime around 1170. He claimed that the city was governed by a Jewish prince. Benjamin was a Jew from al-Andalus who travelled to Persia and Arabia in the 12th century.

Crusader threatEdit

In the summer of 1181, Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch and Lord of Oultrejordain, attacked a Muslim caravan near Tayma during a raid of the Red Sea area despite a truce between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ClimateEdit

In Tayma, there is a desert climate. Most rain falls in the winter. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is BWh. The average annual temperature in Tayma is Template:Convert. About Template:Convert of precipitation falls annually.

Template:Weather box

ArchaeologyEdit

File:Stele Salm Louvre AO5009.jpg

Stele with dedicatory Aramaic inscription to the god Salm. Sandstone, 5th century BC. Found in Tayma by Charles Huber in 1884. Now in the Louvre.

The site was first investigated and mapped by Charles M. Doughty in 1877.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Tayma stele discovered by Charles Huber in 1883, now at the Louvre, lists the gods of Tayma in the 6th century BC: Ṣalm of Maḥram and Shingala-and-Ashira. This Ashira may be "incorrect" for the name Ashima, according to Miller,<ref>Apud Livingstone and Lemaire, contra Ansary and Abu Al-Hasan.</ref> who also renders Śengallā.<ref> The final divine name on the inscription is Śnglʾ, or Śengallā, which Altheim and Stiehl consider to be a composite of the moon god Sin plus the root GLʾ third person masculine singular perfect Peal or active or passive Peal participle. Ref 63 apud Altheim and Stiehl, 2.245–46.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Archeological investigation of the site, under the auspices of the German Archaeological Institute, is ongoing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Clay tablets and stone inscriptions using Taymanitic script and language were found in ruins and around the oasis. Nearby Tayma was a Sabaean trading station, where Sabaean language inscriptions were found.

EconomyEdit

Historically, Tayma is known for growing dates.Template:Sfn The oasis also produced rock salt, which was distributed throughout Arabia.Template:Sfn Tayma also mined alum, which was processed and used for the care of camels.Template:Sfn

Points of interestEdit

Qasr Al-Ablaq ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is a qasr located on the southwest side of the city. It was built by the Arab Jewish poet and warrior Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya and his grandfather 'Adiya in the 6th century.
Qasr Al-Hamra ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), a palace was built in the 7th century BC.
Tayma has an archaeologically significant perimeter wall built around three sides of the old city in the 6th century BC.
Qasr Al-Radhm ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Haddaj Well ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Cemeteries
Many Aramaic, Lihyanite, Thamudic, and Nabataean inscriptions
Qasr Al-Bejaidi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Al-Hadiqah Mound
Al Naslaa rock formation
Many museums. Although Tayma has museums of its own such as the "Tayma Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography", many artifacts from its history have been spread to other museums. Early finds such as the "Tayma Stele" are at the Louvre in Paris among others while large museums of national importance in Saudi Arabia, such as the National Museum of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh and the Jeddah Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography also have significant collections of items from or related to ancient Tayma.