Telson
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The telson (Template:Ety) is the hindmost division of the body of an arthropod. Depending on the definition, the telson is either considered to be the final segment of the arthropod body, or an additional division that is not a true segment on account of not arising in the embryo from teloblast areas as other segments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It never carries any appendages, but a forked "tail" called the caudal furca may be present. The shape and composition of the telson differs between arthropod groups.
CrustaceansEdit
In lobsters, shrimp and other decapods, the telson, along with the uropods, forms the tail fan. This is used as a paddle in the caridoid escape reaction ("lobstering"), whereby an alarmed animal rapidly flexes its tail, causing it to dart backwards. Krill can reach speeds of over 60 cm per second by this means. The trigger time to optical stimulus is, in spite of the low temperatures, only 55 milliseconds.
In the Isopoda and Tanaidacea (superorder Peracarida), the last abdominal body segment is fused with the telson, forming a "pleotelson".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CheliceratesEdit
The term telson is widely used for the caudal spine of some chelicerates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The chelicerate telson can be clearly seen in a number of fossil species (like in eurypterids) and in extant animals (like the horseshoe crab "tail" and the scorpion sting). Some authorities have urged that the usage of this word in this context be discouraged.Template:Why<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
MyriapodsEdit
In millipedes, the telson consists of a legless pre-anal body segment (which may contain a posterior extension known as an epiproct), a pair of anal valves (paraprocts) or plates closing off the anus, and a plate below the anus (hypoproct), also known as a subanal scale.<ref name=SierwaldBond2007>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In centipedes the telson is the hindmost body segment, posterior to the genital openings, bearing two anal valves.<ref name="Lewis 2008">Template:Cite book</ref>
HexapodsEdit
Proturans, an order of minute soil-dwelling animals, are the only hexapods with a telson.<ref>The Phylogenetic Positions of Three Basal-Hexapod Groups (Protura, Diplura, and Collembola) Based on Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences</ref>