The Chicago Manual of Style

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The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS, CMS, or Chicago)<ref name="Yale">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website as The Chicago Manual of Style Online.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries.

Availability and usesEdit

The Chicago Manual of Style is published in hardcover and online. The online edition includes the searchable text of the 16th through 18th—its most recent—editions with features such as tools for editors, a citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style questions. The Chicago Manual of Style also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the online content of the manual (access to the Q&A, however, is free, as are various editing tools).Template:Citation needed

Many publishers throughout the world adopt "Chicago" as their style. It is used in some social science publications, most North American historical journals,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and remains the basis for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association, the Style Sheet for the Organization of American Historians, and corporate style guides, including the Apple Style Guide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Chicago Manual of Style includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and journals. It is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations also reflects Chicago style.Template:Citation needed

Chicago style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent. For instance, the 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style permits the use of both in-text citation systems and/or footnotes or endnotes, including use of "content notes"; it gives information about in-text citation by page number (such as MLA style) or by year of publication (like APA style); it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes a full bibliography at the end.<ref name="Yale" />

Table of contents (18th ed.)Edit

List of Figures<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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List of Tables

Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I · Publishing and Editing
- 1. Books and Journals
- 2. Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading
- 3. Illustrations and Tables
- 4. Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration by William S. Strong
Part II · Style and Usage
- 5. Grammar and Usage by Bryan A. Garner
- 6. Punctuation
- 7. Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds
- 8. Names, Terms, and Titles of Works
- 9. Numbers
- 10. Abbreviations
- 11. Languages Other than English
- 12. Quotations and Dialogue
Part III · Source Citations and Indexes
- 13. Source Citations: Overview
- 14. Source Citations: Examples
- 15. Indexes
Glossary
Bibliography of Additional Resources
Index

Citation stylesEdit

Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location.

Author-date styleEdit

Using author-date style,Template:Efn the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication with no intervening punctuation.<ref name="cmos4">Template:Cite book</ref>

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When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication Template:Em an interposed comma.<ref name="cmos4" />

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If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or without the page number).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule is for block quotations, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date following the author(s) name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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Notes and bibliography styleEdit

Using notes and bibliography style,Template:Efn the sourced text is indicated by a superscripted note number that corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of text (as an endnote).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last name.<ref name="cmos2">Template:Cite book</ref> The two formats differ: notes use commas where bibliography entries use periods.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as a note and its bibliography entry.

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In order of appearance, the elements of a bibliography entry are:

The author(s), with the first author's name inverted in the bibliography entry<ref name="cmos2" /> (in this case "Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West");
The article title inside quotation marks<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (in this case '"Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."');
The journal title in italics<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (in this case "Journal of Medical Internet ResearchTemplate:-");
The volume<ref name="vol">Template:Cite book</ref> (in this case "17");
The issue preceded by "no."<ref name="vol" /> (in this case "no. 3");
The year and, if specified, month, inside parentheses<ref name="vol" /> (in this case "(2015)");
The page numbers, with notes listing the current reference's specific page number and bibliography entries listing the overall page range<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (in this case "e62" since the example was published electronically without page numbers); and
The digital object identifier<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (in this case "doi:10.2196/jmir.4069").

HistoryEdit

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Title page of the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906)

What now is known as The Chicago Manual of Style was first published in 1906 under the title Manual of Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of type in use. From its first 203-page edition,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the CMOS evolved into a comprehensive reference style guide of 1,146 pages in its 17th edition.<ref name="spencer2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Unreliable source? It was one of the first editorial style guides published in the United States, and it is largely responsible for research methodology standardization, notably citation style.Template:Citation needed

The most significant revision to the manual was made for the 12th edition, published in 1969. Its first printing of 20,000 copies sold out before it was printed.<ref name="abouthistory">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1982, with the publication of the 13th edition, it was officially retitled The Chicago Manual of Style, adopting the informal name already in widespread use.<ref name="abouthistory" />

More recently, the publishers have released a new edition about every seven to ten years. The 15th edition (2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering guidance for citing electronic works. Other changes include a chapter on American English grammar and use,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a revised treatment of mathematical copy.<ref name="CMOSOnline">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In August 2010, the 16th edition was published simultaneously in the hardcover and online editions for the first time in the manual's history. In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as the 11th and 12th). The 16th edition featured "music, foreign languages, and computer topics (such as Unicode characters and URLs)".<ref name="spencer2011" /> It also expands recommendations for producing electronic publications, including web-based content and e-books. An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified the process of electronic workflow and offered a primer on the use of XML markup. It also includes a revised glossary, including a host of terms associated with electronic and print publishing. The Chicago system of documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded examples address the many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources, from the use of DOIs to citing social networking sites. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a return to manual's popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for special characters.

In 2013, an adapted Spanish version was published by the University of Deusto in Bilbao, Spain.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In April 2016, the publisher released The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, Bryan A. Garner's expansion of his Chicago Manual of Style chapter on the topic, and coinciding with the release of the new edition of Garner's Modern American Usage.

The 17th edition was published in September 2017. It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting the latest publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation recommendations, the glossary of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded. In the 17th edition, email lost its hyphen, internet became lowercase, the singular "they" and "their" are now acceptable in certain circumstances, a major new section on syntax has been added, and the long-standing recommendation to use "ibid" has changed due to electronic publishing.

The 18th edition, published in September 2024, was the first to recommend omitting publication locations from citations. It added citation styles for A.I. generated text and images, increased the scope of usage of singular and non-binary "they," and abandoned its efforts (since 1969) of writing "Roman" in "Roman numerals" in lowercase.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It removed the chapter on mathematics in type (citing low usage) but increased its coverage of citations of Indigenous languages (now with capital "I") and of Korean.