Thomas Eugene Everhart

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Thomas Eugene Everhart FREng (born February 15, 1932, in Kansas City, Missouri)<ref name=OralHistoryCHF>Template:Cite book</ref> is an American university president, educator, and physicist. His area of expertise is the physics of electron beams. Together with Richard F. M. Thornley he designed the Everhart–Thornley detector. These detectors are still in use in scanning electron microscopes, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956.

Everhart was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 for contributions to the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and to its use in electronics and biology. He was appointed an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1990.<ref name=Fellows>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He served as chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1984 to 1987 and as the president of the California Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1997.

Early life and educationEdit

Everhart's parents were William E. Everhart and Elizabeth A. West. Everhart received his A.B. in physics from Harvard University in 1953, and his M.S. in applied physics from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1955. He held a Marshall Scholarship at Clare College, Cambridge, where he completed a PhD in Physics under Professor Charles Oatley in 1958.<ref name=OralHistoryCHF/>

CareerEdit

Everhart-Thornley detectorEdit

Everhart began working on electron detection and the design of scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) as a student with Charles Oatley at Cambridge in 1955.<ref name=Rodenburg>Template:Cite book</ref> An initial prototype, the SEM1, had been developed by Dennis McMullen, who published his dissertation Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes in 1952.<ref name=Rodenburg/><ref name=Ratinac/> It was further modified by Ken C. A. Smith, who developed a way to efficiently detect low-energy secondary electrons.<ref name=Chapter>Template:Cite book</ref> Oatley and his students used SEM to develop a variety of new techniques for studying surface topography.<ref name=Rodenburg /><ref name=Holt>Template:Cite book</ref>

Everhart developed techniques to detect low-energy secondaries. His Ph.D. thesis, in 1958, was Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope.<ref name=Holt/> Analyzing the electrons detected by the SEM, he reported that about 67% of the signal measured could be attributed to low energy secondaries from the specimen.<ref name=Hawkes/> About 3% was due to higher-energy reflected electrons.<ref name=Chapter/> He also presented equations to model the noise introduced.<ref name=Rodenburg/><ref name=Hawkes>Template:Cite book</ref>

Use of the term "voltage contrast" to describe the relationship between the voltage applied to a specimen and the resulting image contrast, is attributed to Everhart.<ref name=Breton>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Oatley>Template:Cite journal</ref> As of 1959, Everhart produced the first voltage-contrast images of p-n junctions of biased silicon diodes.<ref name=Everhart1959>Template:Cite journal</ref> Voltage contrast, the ability to detect variations in surface electrical potentials on a specimen, is now one of several imaging modes used for the characterization, diagnosis and failure analysis of semiconductors. As many as half of the SEMs sold are believed to be used in semiconductor applications.<ref name=Newbury>Template:Cite book</ref>

Everhart studied contrast mechanisms in detail and developed a new theory of reflection of electrons from solids.<ref name=Everhart1960>Template:Cite journal</ref> He also made some of the first quantitative studies of the effects of beam penetration on image formation in the SEM.

In 1960 Everhart and Richard F. M. Thornley published a description for the improved design of a secondary electron detector, since known as the Everhart–Thornley detector. Everhart and Thornley increased the efficiency of existing detectors by adding a light pipe to carry the photon signal from the scintillator inside the evacuated specimen chamber of the scanning electron microscopes to the photomultiplier outside the chamber.<ref name=Detector>Template:Cite journal</ref> This strengthened the signal collected and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. In 1963, Pease and Nixon incorporated the Everhart-Thornley detector into their prototype for the first commercial SEM, later developed as the Cambridge Scientific Instruments Mark I Stereoscan. This type of secondary electron and back-scattered electron detector is still used in modern scanning electron microscopes (SEMs).<ref name=Bogner>Template:Cite journal</ref>

By using various types of detectors with SEM, it becomes possible to map the topography, crystallography and composition of specimens being examined.<ref name=Ratinac>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1960s, Wells, Everhart, and Matta built an advanced SEM for semiconductor studies and microfabrication at Westinghouse Laboratories in Pittsburgh. They were able to combine signals so to more effectively examine multiple layers in active devices, an early example of EBIC imaging.<ref name=Wells1965>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Everhart1971>Template:Cite journal</ref>

University of California, BerkeleyEdit

From 1958-1978 Everhart was a professor and latterly department chairman of engineering and computer science, at the University of California at Berkeley.<ref name=OralHistoryCHF/> There he supported the construction of the first scanning electron microscope in a U.S. university.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cornell UniversityEdit

In January 1979, he became Joseph Silbert Dean of the college of engineering at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.<ref name=Kavli/>

University of IllinoisEdit

Everhart served as chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1984 to 1987. As chancellor, Everhart was involved in proposals for and development of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, an interdisciplinary research institute substantially funded by an appeal to Arnold Orville Beckman.<ref name=Brown2009>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In a formal invitation to proposed members of the Administrative Committee for the Beckman Institute, Everhart wrote that creation of the Beckman Institute was "an exceptional opportunity, perhaps the most dramatic and exciting one that we will see in our working lifetimes."<ref name=Brown2009/>Template:Rp

California Institute of TechnologyEdit

Everhart was president of the California Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1997.<ref name=Woo>Template:Cite news</ref> As Caltech's president, Everhart authorized the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project, a large-scale experiment that seeks to detect gravitational waves and use them for fundamental research in physics and astronomy.<ref name=CaltechHistory>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While at Caltech, Everhart was involved in substantial expansion of the university, heading a $350-million fund-raising drive. In 1989, he helped dedicate the Beckman Institute at Caltech, a research center for biology, chemistry, and related sciences.<ref name=BeckmanCaltech>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was the second of five research centers supported by Arnold Orville Beckman and his wife Mabel. Everhart also was involved in the development of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, supported by the W. M. Keck Foundation;<ref name=Copman>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Gordon and Betty Moore Laboratory of Engineering, supported by Gordon Moore of Intel;<ref name=Flanigan>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Fairchild Engineering Library, supported by the Sherman Fairchild Foundation.<ref name=Woo/><ref name=Fairchild>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Everhart promoted efforts to hire more female faculty and increase the enrollment of women. In his final year at Caltech the number of women in the freshmen class was double that of the year he joined Caltech.<ref name=Woo/>

Since 1998, Everhart has served as a trustee of the California Institute of Technology.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He sits on the boards of directors of Raytheon and the Kavli Foundation, among others.<ref name=Kavli>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Harvard UniversityEdit

In 1999, Everhart was elected to a six-year term as Overseer of Harvard University. In 2001 he became a member of the Overseers executive committee. He was one of three overseers who participated in the university's presidential search committee in 2000-01. In 2004, he was elected president of Harvard's Board of Overseers for 2004-05.<ref name=Harvard2004>Template:Cite news</ref>

Awards and honorsEdit

Everhart has been elected to a number of scientific societies, including the following:<ref name=OralHistoryCHF/>

1969, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1977, President, Electron Microscope Society of America<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1978, Member, National Academy of Engineering
1984, Scientific Member, Böhmische Physical Society
1988, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences
1990, Foreign Member, Royal Academy of Engineering

Everhart has received a number of awards, including the following:<ref name=OralHistoryCHF/>

1955, Marshall Scholarship
1984, IEEE Centennial Medal
1992, Clark Kerr Award
1993, ASEE Centennial Medallion
2002, IEEE Founders Medal
2002, Okawa Prize

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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