Tiger quoll
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The tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), also known as the spotted-tailed quoll, spotted quoll, spotted-tailed dasyure, or tiger cat, is a carnivorous marsupial of the quoll genus Dasyurus native to Australia. With males and females weighing around Template:Cvt, respectively, it is the world's second-largest extant carnivorous marsupial, behind the Tasmanian devil. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate is found in wet forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a northern subspecies, D. m. gracilis, is found in a small area of northern Queensland and is endangered.
The tiger quoll commonly preys on small mammals, insects, birds, domestic poultry and large marsupials such as wombats. It mostly hunts live prey but occasionally scavenges when the opportunity arises. The tiger quoll kills its prey by executing a killing bite to the base of the skull or top of the neck, depending on the size of the prey. The species is listed as near-threatened on the IUCN Red List, and is primarily threatened by habitat loss caused by human activities.
TaxonomyEdit
The tiger quoll is a member of the family Dasyuridae, which includes most carnivorous marsupial mammals. This quoll was first described in 1792 by Robert Kerr, the Scottish writer and naturalist, who placed it in the genus Didelphis, which includes several species of American opossum. The species name, maculatus is the Latin word for "spotted", which refers to the animal's mottled fur pattern.<ref name=Strahan>Template:Cite book</ref>
The tribe Dasyurini, to which quolls belong, also includes the Tasmanian devil, the antechinus, the kowari, and the mulgara.<ref name="Grovespp2425">Template:Harvnb</ref> Genetic analysis of cytochrome b DNA and 12S rRNA of the mitochondria indicates that quolls evolved and diversified in the late Miocene between 15 and 5 million years ago, a time of great diversification in marsupials. The ancestors of all current species had diverged by the early Pliocene, around 4 million years ago.<ref name=Krajewski>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Two subspecies are recognised:<ref name=Strahan/>
- D. m. maculatus, found from southern Queensland south to Tasmania
- D. m. gracilis, found in an isolated population in northeastern Queensland
The following is a phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial genome sequences:<ref name="GR1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Clade
DescriptionEdit
The tiger quoll is the largest of the quolls.<ref name=rymill2023/> Adult females of the northern subspecies are generally smaller and weigh 1.5 times less than their male counterparts.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Males and females of D. m. maculatus weigh on average Template:Cvt, respectively, and males and females of D. m. gracilis weigh on average Template:Cvt, respectively.<ref name=Jones2001>Template:Cite journal</ref> The biggest male individuals may weigh Template:Cvt, while the largest females can tip in at over Template:Cvt.<ref name=":1" /> The tiger quoll has relatively short legs, but its tail is as long as its body and head combined.<ref name="Jones2001"/> It has a thick head and neck and a slightly rounded and elongated snout.<ref name=Jones2001/>
It has five toes on each foot, both front and hind, and the hind feet have well-developed halluces. Its long pink foot pads are ridged, an adaptation for its arboreal lifestyle.<ref name="Jones1995">Jones M. E., (1995) Guild structure of the large carnivores in Tasmania. PhD dissertation, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.</ref> This makes up for the fact that its tail is not prehensile. The tiger quoll usually has a reddish-brown pelage (a minority have black fur) with white spots, and colourations do not change seasonally. It is the only quoll species with spots on its tail in addition to its body. Its fur and skin are covered in orange-brown-coloured oil. The underside is typically greyish or creamy white.<ref name="Jones2001" />
The average length of D. m. maculatus is Template:Cvt for males and Template:Cvt for females. For D. m. gracilis, males have an average length of Template:Cvt, while females average Template:Cvt in length.<ref name="Jones2001" /> The tail is on average Template:Cvt long in both subspecies.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The tiger quoll has the second-most powerful bite relative to body size of any living mammalian carnivore, exerting a force of Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Range and ecologyEdit
The tiger quoll is found in eastern Australia where more than Template:Cvt of rain falls per year.<ref name=Edgar1995>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Mansergh1984/> Most sightings occur in elevations of at least Template:Cvt.<ref name=":0" /> Historically, the quoll was present throughout southeastern Queensland, through eastern New South Wales, Victoria, southeastern South Australia, and Tasmania. European settlement has severely impacted and fragmented the quoll's mainland distribution.<ref>S. Maxwell, A. A. Burbidge, K. Morris (1996). The action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes. Report for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group.</ref> Tiger quolls are rare in southeastern Queensland and mainly restricted to national parks.<ref name=Watt1993>A. Watt (1993). Conservation status and draft management plan for Dasyurus maculates and D. hallucatus in southern Queensland. Report for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage and The Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, October: 1–132.</ref> In Victoria, quoll populations have declined by nearly 50%.<ref name=Mansergh1984>Mansergh I. (1984) "The status, distribution and abundance of Dasyurus maculates (tiger quoll) in Australia, with particular reference to Victoria". Australian Zoologist 21:109–122.</ref> The range decline was not as severe in New South Wales, but they are still rare.<ref name=Mansergh1984/> The quoll was probably never very numerous in South Australia, but although considered locally extinct for 130 years, one was captured in the state's south-east in 2023.<ref name=rymill2023>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Tasmania, the tiger quoll frequents the northern and western areas where rains are seasonal.<ref name=Jones1996>Jones M. E., R. K Rose (1996) Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat association of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculates maculatus) and eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Nature Conservation Branch, Parks and Wildlife Service. Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, November:1–68.</ref> Tiger quolls were once native to Flinders Island and King Island, but are locally extinct (extirpated) since the 20th century, so are not present on Tasmanian offshore islands.<ref>Hope J. H. (1972) "Mammals of the Bass Strait islands". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 85:163–196.</ref>
Tiger quolls live in a variety of habitats, but seem to prefer humid forests such as rainforests and closed eucalypt forest.<ref name=Jones1995/><ref name=Jones1996/> They are moderately arboreal,<ref name=Burnetts2000>Burnett S. (2000) The ecology and endangerment of spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculates. PhD dissertation, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townville, Australia.</ref> as 11% of their travelling is done above ground.<ref name=Jones1995/> When they do take to the trees, they may hunt arboreal prey such as possum, leaping between trees if need be. When descending, they usually go head first.<ref name=":1" />
Prey items eaten by quolls include insects, crayfish, lizards, snakes, birds, domestic poultry, smaller mammals including platypus, rabbits, arboreal possums such as cuscuses and greater gliders, bandicoots, pademelons, small wallabies, and wombats.<ref name=Jones2001/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When hunting, a quoll stalks its prey, stopping only when its head is up.<ref name=Jones2001/> It then launches its attack, executing a killing bite to the base of the skull or top of the neck, depending on the size of the prey.<ref name=Jones1995/> The quoll will pin small prey down with its forepaws and then deliver the bite. With large prey, it jumps and latches on its back and bites the neck.<ref name=Jones2001/> They can also climb into trees to hunt for possums and birds during nighttime.<ref name=Jones1995/> They may scavenge the carrion of larger animals such as kangaroos, feral pigs, cattle, and dingoes.<ref name=Burnetts2000/> However, the tiger quoll does not scavenge as much as the Tasmanian devil.<ref name=Jones1995/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In one study, feral rabbits made up 76% of the diet on the mainland.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The flexibility of their diets suggests their prey base is not detrimentally affected by bushfires.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Quolls, in turn, may be preyed on by Tasmanian devils and masked owls in Tasmania and dingos and dogs in mainland Australia.<ref name=Jones2001/> It may also be preyed on by wedge-tailed eagles and large pythons. Tiger quolls yield to adult devils, but will chase subadults away from carcasses. Quolls also probably compete with introduced carnivores, such as foxes, cats, and feral dogs. Tiger quolls are also hosts to numerous species of endoparasites.<ref name=Jones2001/>
Life historyEdit
Tiger quolls are generally nocturnal, and rest during the day in dens. However, juveniles and females with young in the den can be seen during the day and may leave their dens when it is light out.<ref name=Edgar1995/><ref name=Watt1993/><ref name=Burnetts2000/> Quoll dens take the form of burrows, caves, rock crevices, tree hollows, hollow logs, or under houses or sheds.<ref name=Jones1995/><ref name=Edgar1995/><ref name=Watt1993/> Quolls move by walking and bounding gaits.<ref name=Jones2001/> Trails are not particularly important for quoll, although they forage and scent mark along runways and roads. Tiger quolls may live in home ranges that range from Template:Cvt for males and Template:Cvt for females.<ref name=Jones2001/> Most resident quolls are female, although one population study found both males and females were split between transients and residents.<ref name=Burnetts2000/> Males have overlapping home ranges, but each has its own core area of at least Template:Cvt.<ref name=Watt1993/> The home ranges of females may overlap less.<ref name=Burnetts2000/> Tiger quolls have been recorded traveling Template:Cvt per day in search of food and other resources.<ref name=":1" /> Quolls sometimes share dens during the breeding season.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> After copulation, females act aggressively towards males, especially when close to parturition. For the tiger quoll, olfactory and auditory signals are used more often than visual signals when communicating. Quolls greet each other with nose-to-nose sniffs, and males will sniff the backsides of females to check for estrus.<ref name=Jones2001/> Quolls also mark themselves with mouth and ear secretions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some populations have communal latrines, while others do not. Rocky creek beds, cliff bases, and roads serve as locations for latrines.<ref name=Burnetts2000/>
Adult quolls are rarely vocal outside of social interactions.<ref name=Settle1978>Template:Cite journal</ref> Antagonistic or disturbed vocalisations are guttural huffs, coughs, hisses, and piercing screams.<ref name=Jones2001/> "Cp-cp-cp" sounds are produced by females in estrus.<ref name=Settle1978/> Females communicate with their young with "chh-chh" and "echh-echh" calls. The former are made by females and the latter are made by young. When conflict erupts among juveniles, a range of vocalisations are continuously emitted, and when clambering over their mother, she'll emit a "hiss".<ref name=Jones2001/> During antagonistic encounters, quolls also threaten each other with open mouths and teeth displays. At this time, the ears are laid back and the eyes are narrowed. Males grasp and bite each other in combat.<ref name=Jones1995/>
Tiger quolls reproduce seasonally. They mate in midwinter (June/July), but females can breed as early as April. Males are not involved in parenting, with females bearing full responsibility.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The mating behaviour of the tiger quoll is unique among the quoll species in that the female vocalises when in estrus and easily accepts the male's mounting.<ref name=Jones2001/> In addition, the female's neck swells up. Mating involves the male holding on the female's sides with his paws and holding on the neck with his mouth.<ref name=Settle1978/> Polyestrous, females are in heat for an average of 3 to 5 days within a 28-day cycle. Copulation can last as long as 24 hours. Succeeding a 3-week gestation period, females give birth with their hindquarters raised and their tails curled. Around 2 to 6 young are born, starting life at only 7 mm, and increasing in size by more than 5 times during their first month.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=Jones2001/> For the time the young is in the pouch, a female rests on her sides. After the young has left the pouch, females stay in nests they have built.<ref name=Jones2001/> For their first 50–60 days of life, the young cannot see, so they rely on vocalisations and touch to find their mother or siblings. It stops when their eyes open after 70 days. Young are not carried on the back, but they do rest on their mother<ref name=Settle1978/> and cling to her when frightened. By 100 days the young become more independent of their mothers, and the mothers more aggressive towards their young.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Males reach physical maturity at the age of three, and females at two. Both sexes attain sexual maturity at the about same age; one year.<ref name=":1" /> They do not usually last more than around three years in the wild.<ref name="rymill2023" />
Conservation statusEdit
The tiger quoll is listed by the IUCN on the Red List of Threatened Species with the status "near threatened".<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Template:As of, since its listing in 2004 under the EPBC Act, the Tasmanian population of Dasyurus maculatus maculatus is regarded as a vulnerable species,<ref name=sprattas>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} File:CC-BY icon.svg Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.</ref> while the Queensland population of Dasyurus maculatus gracilis has been listed as endangered since July 2000.<ref name=spratqld>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} File:CC-BY icon.svg Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.</ref> An estimated 14,000 mature tiger quolls are left in the world, as of 2018.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
This species is vulnerable to decline because it requires certain climates and habitats, it tends to live in low densities, it is likely to compete with introduced predators (mainly foxes and feral cats<ref name=rymill2023/>) and requires much space, and it does not live very long.<ref name=Jones2001/> The biggest threat to the quoll is habitat destruction.<ref name=Jones2001/> Humans may directly contribute to quoll deaths through exploitation, motor collisions, and 1080 poisoning.<ref>Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A. A. and Morris, K. (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> An outbreak of disease in the 1900s is cited as another factor. Additionally, in south-east Queensland, the quoll's habitat has been reduced to 30% of what it was in previous decades. Exposure to introduced species, cleared forest, and farms may lead to high mortality rates.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
Conservationists are using population monitoring and public education to preserve the species and intend to preserve their habitat and minimise the impacts of 1080 baiting.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Wildlife corridors are being built to ensure the survival of the species, along with the management of introduced canids and felids.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Dasyurus maculatus maculatus on the SPRAT database
- Dasyurus maculatus gracilis on the SPRAT database
- Tiger quoll info
- Dasyurus maculatus description at the University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web
- Spot Tailed Tiger Quoll at Otway Ranges Environment Network (OREN)
- Another photo of a tiger quoll