Trace metal
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates
Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues. Some of these trace metals are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology. Some biometals are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities can be toxic. However, insufficient plasma or tissue levels of certain trace metals can cause pathology, as is the case with iron.
Trace metals within the human body include iron, lithium, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese and others.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book electronic-book Template:ISBN Template:Issn</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Some of the trace metals are needed by living organisms to function properly and are depleted through the expenditure of energy by various metabolic processes of living organisms. They are replenished in animals through diet as well as environmental exposure, and in plants through the uptake of nutrients from the soil in which the plant grows. Human vitamin pills and plant fertilizers can be a source of trace metals.
Trace metals are sometimes referred to as trace elements, although the latter includes minerals and is a broader category. See also Dietary mineral. Trace elements are required by the body for specific functions. Things such as vitamins, sports drinks, fresh fruits and vegetables are sources. Taken in excessive amounts, trace elements can cause problems. For example, fluorine is required for the formation of bones and enamel on teeth. However, when taken in an excessive amount can cause a disease called "Fluorosis', in which bone deformations and yellowing of teeth are seen. Fluorine can occur naturally in some areas in ground water.
IronEdit
HumansEdit
Roughly 5 grams of iron are present in the human body and is the most abundant trace metal.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> It is absorbed in the intestine as heme or non-heme iron depending on the food source. Heme iron is derived from the digestion of hemoproteins in meat.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Non-heme iron is mainly derived from plants and exist as iron(II) or iron(III) ions.<ref name=":1" />
Iron is essential for more than 500 hemeproteins, the likes of which include hemoglobin and myoglobin, and account for 80% of iron usage.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> The other 20% is present in ferritin, hemosiderin,<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins, such as ferrochelatase, and more.
ZincEdit
HumansEdit
A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The mucosal cells of the digestive tract contain metallothionein proteins that store the zinc ions.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" />
Nearly 90% of zinc is found in the bones, muscles,<ref name=":2" /> and vesicles in the brain.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> Zinc is a cofactor in hundreds of enzyme reactions and a major component of zinc finger proteins.
CopperEdit
HumansEdit
The third most abundant trace metal in the human body.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" />
It is found in cytochrome c oxidase, a protein necessary for the electron transport chain in mitochondria.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" />