TransMilenio
Template:Infobox Public transit
TransMilenio is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system that serves Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, and Soacha, a neighbouring city. The system opened to the public in December 2000. As of 2024, 12 lines totalling Template:Convert run throughout the city.<ref name="troncales">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is part of the city's Integrated Public Transport System (Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público [SITP]), along with the urban, complementary and special bus services operating on neighbourhood and main streets.
TransMilenio consists of several interconnected BRT lines, with raised floor stations in the center of a main avenue, or "troncal". Passengers typically reach the stations via a bridge over the street. Usually four lanes down the center of the street are dedicated to bus traffic. The outer lanes allow express buses to bypass buses stopped at a station.Template:Citation needed
As of 2024, 1,801 buses on average were circulating on the trunk line system. An additional set of 869<ref name="etup">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> regular buses, known as "feeders" (alimentadores in Spanish), carry passengers from certain important stations to many different locations that the main route does not reach. Unlike the main TransMilenio buses, feeders operate without dedicated lanes, are not articulated and are either green or blue (regular TransMilenio buses are red). There is no additional fare to use the feeder buses.
There are 27 bicycle parking facilities in main TransMilenio stations with 7,351 parking spaces to facilitate cyclists using the system.<ref name="troncales"/> Eight BRT corridors were certified in 2013 to meet the BRT standard with excellence: Autonorte and Caracas silver, Americas, Calle 80, Eldorado, NQS and Suba gold.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Title missing</ref>
HistoryEdit
BackgroundEdit
Template:See also Before TransMilenio, Bogotá's mass transit "system" consisted of thousands of independently operated and uncoordinated mini buses. There was also a plan for a network of elevated highways throughout Bogotá, and plans to build a subway as Medellín had done seven years prior. When Enrique Peñalosa was elected mayor he cancelled these projects and oversaw the construction of the initial TransMilenio system at a fraction of the cost.<ref name=StreeFilm1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Construction and openingEdit
The mayor created a special company to build the project and run the central system. The operational design of TransMilenio was undertaken by transport consultants Steer Davies Gleave with the financial structuring of the project led by Capitalcorp S.A., a local investment bank. Most of the money required to build TransMilenio was provided by the Colombian central government, while the city of Bogotá provided the remaining 30%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Within three years after the initiation of the project, the first phase opened in December 2000, covering Caracas Avenue and 80 street. Other lines were added gradually over the next several years. Prior to construction, a 30 km trip by public transport would take 2 hours and 15 minutes in 1998; the same trip using TransMilenio now takes 55 minutes.<ref name=StreeFilm1/>
In the beginning, most buses were diesel-powered, purchased from such manufacturers as the Colombian-Brazilian company Marcopolo-Superior, German conglomerate Mercedes-Benz, and Swedish companies such as Volvo and Scania. The buses were articulated and had a capacity of 160 passengers each. In May 2007, a new, larger bi-articulated bus, with capacity for 270 passengers, was presented to the public.
Bogotá won the first Sustainable Transport Award in 2005 due to the BRT system and urban cycling strategy.
On May 2 and 3, 2006, several groups of bus drivers not associated with TransMilenio held a strike, protesting against some elements and consequences of the system. They disagreed with the amount of monetary compensation that they would receive in exchange for the disposal of old buses (10 to more than 20 years old), traffic restrictions on the TransMilenio main lines, and a new Pico y Placa Ambiental in some city areas, that would restrict the schedules of buses older than 10 years to early morning hours to reduce pollution in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since the May 2006 expansion, the TransMilenio route system has changed dramatically, with new sections added to the system.
Due to the relatively high price, overcrowding, and delays in the routes, hundreds of people, mostly students protesting and some vandals looted and broke windows on March 9, 2012, causing half a million dollars of damage and 11 injuries. The vandals were confronted and detained by riot police.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the end of 2018, Transmilenio ordered 1383 new buses as a replacement of the older ones in service. 52% were compressed natural gas (CNG) buses made by Scania with Euro 6 emission rating, 48% were diesel engine made by Volvo with Euro 5 emission rating. More orders have produced an impressive result: "To improve public and environmental health, the City of Bogotá has assembled a fleet of 1,485 electric buses for its public transportation system—placing the city among the three largest e-bus fleets outside of China."Template:Whose quote<ref>https://www.itdp.org/2022/02/09/bogota-wins-2022-sustainable-transport-award/ Retrieved 2022-09-28</ref><ref>https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Presentation-Mobilize.pdf Retrieved 2022-09-28</ref>
Bogotá won the Sustainable Transport Award again in 2022 also thanks to the continued expansion and success of TransMilenio.<ref>https://www.itdp.org/2022/02/09/bogota-wins-2022-sustainable-transport-award/ Retrieved 2022-09-30</ref><ref>https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/STA-2022-Award-Ceremony-Press-Release.docx-1.pdf Retrieved 2022-09-30</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taLkKIEYotg Retrieved 2022-09-30</ref>
InfrastructureEdit
TransMilenio has 12 lines serving 152 stations in the cities of Bogotá and Soacha:
- Template:Transmilenio Caracas between Calle 76 and Tercer Milenio: 14 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Autonorte between Terminal and Héroes: 17 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Suba between Portal de Suba and San Martín: 14 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Calle 80 between Portal de la 80 and Polo: 14 stations
- Template:Transmilenio NQS Central between La Castellana and Tygua - San José: 13 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Américas between Portal de Las Américas and Avenida Jiménez: 18 stations (including Ricaurte station)
- Template:Transmilenio NQS Sur between Comuneros and San Mateo: 17 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Caracas Sur between Hospital and Portal de Usme and Portal del Tunal: 17 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Eje Ambiental between Museo del Oro and Universidades: 3 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Calle 26, between Portal Eldorado and Centro Memoria: 13 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Carrera Décima between Portal 20 de Julio and San Diego: 10 stations
- Template:Transmilenio Carrera Séptima: Museo Nacional: 1 station
Instead of being numbered, routes have a combination of letters and numbers. In order to fill the information gap, TransMilenio made available an interactive guide that includes routes, stations, nearby places and route combinations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Construction of a new line in Carrera 7 (North-Downtown) is under consideration. This has been criticized as there are certain locations where the system might not fit.Template:Citation needed
VehiclesEdit
TransMilenio buses are not equipped with transponders to give them signal priority. Regret over this decision was voiced by the former general manager of the system, Angelica Castro.<ref name="gobrt" />
StationsEdit
There are six types of stations:
- Sencillas (Simple): local service stations, located approximately every 500 m
- De transferencia (Transfer): allow transfer between different lines through a tunnel
- Sin intercambio (No transfer): do not allow transfer between lanes (north-south, south–north, west–east, east–west); located in the Autopista Norte (due to a stretch of the road), Tunal and 6th Street ramification (due to water channels).
- Intermedias (Intermediate): service both feeder and trunk line.
- Cabecera (Portal): near the entrances to the city. In addition to feeders and articulated buses, intercity buses from the metropolitan area also arrive at these stations.
- Paraderos bus dual (dual-bus stop): located in the streets, these stops don't have turnstiles, electronic boards and the floor level is the same of the street; served by buses with station-level and street-level doors. These stops are located in the pretrunk corridors (AK 7, AV Caracas, AV Suba, AC 80, AV El Dorado).
All stations have electronic boards announcing the approximate arrival time of the next bus. Wait times are short as there is usually a bus serving the station. There are also station attendants to provide assistance to the passengers, and posted system maps.
Users pay at the station entrance using a smart card, pass through a turnstile, and wait for buses inside the station, which is typically 5 m wide.<ref name="gobrt">"Bogotá Transmilenio", Bus Rapid Transit Policy Center (February 2007) Template:Webarchive</ref> The bus and station doors open simultaneously, and passengers board by walking across the threshold. The elevated station platform and the bus floor are at the same height.
TransMilenio stations comply with easy access regulations because they are elevated and have ramps leading to the entrance. The alimentadores (feeders) are normal buses without handicapped accessibility. A lawsuit by disabled user Daniel Bermúdez caused a ruling that all feeder systems must comply with easy access regulations by 2004, but this has not happened yet.Template:Citation needed
ServicesEdit
The zoning divides the trunks into 12 lines or zones that have different letters and colors. The maps changed at each station, to show the specific services to the station in question and the way to reach the other zones of the system from there.
The trunk system has three types of services:
- Regular Routes (Ruta Fácil): These are the numbered routes from 1 to 9 that stop at all stations and work all day. As of August 2008, this type of service was called the Easy Route. On June 17, 2017, these services were modified, replacing the routes that operated since 2006 by shorter trails, in addition to a change of nomenclature, which did not include the letter and the color of the destination area.
- Express (Expreso): Routes that only stop at the stations determined in their route, and are numbered from 10 to 75.
- Dual bus trunk (Troncal Bus Dual): Routes to extend the TransMilenio trunk service to arteries, beginning with the Carrera Séptima.
Fares and ticketsEdit
The fare Template:As of is 3,200 Colombian pesos for a single trip (about €0.7 or US$0.75).<ref name="fares">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cards use a contactless smart card (MIFARE) system, and multiple trips may be purchased using one card.
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| Year | Rush hour COP | Regular hour COP |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $3200 | |
| 2023-2024 | $2950 | |
| 2022 | $2650 | |
| 2021 | $2500 | |
| 2020 | $2500 | |
| 2019 | $2400 | |
| 2018 | $2300 | |
| 2017 | $2200 | |
| 2016 | $2000 | |
| 2015 | $1800 | |
| 2014 | $1800 | $1500 |
| 2013 | $1700 | $1400 |
| 2012 | $1700 | |
| 2011 | $1750 | |
| 2010 | $1700 | |
| 2009 | $1600 | |
| 2008 | $1500 | |
| 2007 | $1400 | |
| 2006 | $1300 | |
| 2005 | $1200 | |
| 2004 | $1200 | |
| 2003 | $1100 | |
| 2002 | $1000 | |
| October 2001 | $900 | |
| February 2001 | $850 | |
| 2000 | $800 | |
Costs, ridership, and impactEdit
According to a United States Transportation Research Board (TRB) case study report, the initial construction cost for the first phase of 41 km was US$240 million, or US$5.9 million/km.Template:Citation needed In a report presented later by the Ministry of Transport of Colombia, the total cost of the construction of Transmilenio phase one was estimated at 1.4 billion COP (about US$703 million), of which 253.053 million COP (about US$126.5 million) was provided by the Colombian government.Template:Citation needed The construction of the phase two was estimated at 3.2 billion COP (about US$1634 million), of which 2.1 billion COP (about US$1058 million) was provided by the Colombian government and the rest was provided by the city. The numbers of this report are calculated in money of 2009.<ref>Proyectos de infraestructura y transporte, "Bogotá - Región Capital Cundinamarca", February 2011</ref>
The system is overseen by a public body, which awards contracts to private bus companies on a competitive basis. According to TRB, private contractors are paid based on the total number of kilometers that their vehicles operate.<ref>TRB Online Case Studies, "TransMilenio BRT", ca. 2001</ref>
Daily ridership quickly reached 800,000 after the system opened. TransMilenio has since been expanded. Ridership in early 2006 was 1,050,000 daily, in 2009 it was 1,400,000 daily and in September 2018 it was 2.4 million on a weekday.<ref name="troncales" />
Other cities are building systems modelled on Transmilenio, for example, Mexico City,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Transantiago in Santiago, Chile, however, in these cities the system is complemented with a Rapid transit system.
ControversiesEdit
User strikesEdit
In 2016, Transmilenio had an 86% disapproval rating from users.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> User strikes erupted over bad service quality, with users blocking bus lanes and at times halting the entire system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> These protests sometimes devolved into riots involving heavy police presence and the use of crowd control measures such as tear gas and water cannons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
OvercrowdingEdit
The system was described by users, independent bodies and the media as suffering from overcrowding with an average of eight passengers per square meter,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> insecurity<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and providing bad customer service. During rush hours, "stations are so packed that people can't get off the bus".Template:Quote without source In some stations, overcrowding was so severe that users had to wait in a long line to top up their Smart card and another line to enter the station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to official data in 2017, there were 3404 thefts in TransMilenio stations and 1442 more on buses.<ref name="offdata">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ConstructionEdit
During construction, there were problems with the concrete used to pave the dedicated roads, which had an estimated cost to the city of 1.6 trillion pesos (500 million dollars). In 2012, Bogota's secretary of finance said that the whole line of Avenida Caracas should be rebuilt as well as some parts of the Avenida 26 line.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Air pollutionEdit
In 2015 a study made by the National University of Colombia revealed that 70% of the air pollution near Transmilenio exits was caused by the buses of the first phase.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to official data, more than 50% of the first and second phase buses broke atmospheric emissions rules.<ref name=offdata /> There was controversy around the fact that the Transmilenio buses were diesel-powered.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some academics, councillors and citizens called the buses dangerous as diesel fuels are carcinogens according to the World Health Organization,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and pointed out calls to ban them in other cities like Stuttgart and Stockholm.
Sexual assaultsEdit
Women in Bogotá have stated that the overcrowding in the system makes it easy for criminals to attack women and go unnoticed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to a 2012 survey conducted by the Secretary for Women's Issues of Bogotá, 64% of women said they have been victims of sexual assault in the system.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several policies have been adopted in order to confront this problem, like an exclusive bus for women,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and special undercover policewomen.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, no measures have been effective against the problem, and sexual assaults continued to occur in 2018.Template:Update inline<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Broken busesEdit
In 2017 and 2018, many incidents with Transmilenio buses had been reported while they were operating. There have been cases of buses being burned due to mechanical problems,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> one bus broken in half,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> tires flying off the buses and hitting cars,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and users reporting that water leaks into the buses when it rains.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Official website of TransMilenio Template:In lang
- Bogota's New Transit System, a TransMilenio slideshow by the New York Times
- The Economics of TransMilenio, an economic analysis of Bogotá's BRT system