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Transfiguration of Jesus

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File:Transfiguration Raphael.jpg
The Transfiguration by Raphael, Template:Circa
File:Transfiguration of Jesus icon.jpg
15th-century Russian Orthodox icon by Theophanes the Greek

Template:Gospel Jesus The Transfiguration of Jesus is an event described in the New Testament where Jesus is transfigured and becomes radiant in glory upon a mountain.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Synoptic Gospels (Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse) recount the occasion, and the Second Epistle of Peter also refers to it.

In the gospel accounts, Jesus and three of his apostles, Peter, James, and John, go to a mountain (later referred to as the Mount of Transfiguration) to pray. On the mountaintop, Jesus begins to shine with bright rays of light. Then the Old Testament figures Moses and Elijah appear, and he speaks with them. Both figures had eschatological roles: they symbolize the Law and the prophets, respectively. Jesus is then called "Son" by the voice of God the Father, as in the Baptism of Jesus.Template:Sfn

Many Christian traditions, including the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican churches, commemorate the event in the Feast of the Transfiguration, a major festival. In the original Koine Greek, the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (metemorphōthē), "he was transformed" is used to describe the event in Luke and Mark.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Greek Orthodoxy, the event is called the metamorphosis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SignificanceEdit

The transfiguration is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Thomas Aquinas considers the transfiguration "the greatest miracle", in that it complemented baptism and showed the perfection of life in Heaven.Template:Sfn The transfiguration is one of the five major milestones in the gospel narrative of the life of Jesus, the others being baptism, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 2002, Pope John Paul II introduced the Luminous Mysteries in the rosary, which include the transfiguration.

In Christian teachings, the transfiguration is a pivotal moment, and the setting on the mountain is presented as the point where human nature meets God: the meeting place of the temporal and the eternal, with Jesus as the connecting point, acting as the bridge between heaven and earth.Template:Sfn Moreover, Christians consider the transfiguration to fulfill an Old Testament messianic prophecy that Elijah would return again after his ascension (Malachi 4:5–6). Template:Harvtxt states: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

The very last of the writing prophets, Malachi, promised a return of Elijah to hold out hope for repentance before judgment (Mal. 4:5–6). ... Elijah himself would reappear in the Transfiguration. There he would appear alongside Moses as a representative of all the prophets who looked forward to the coming of the Messiah (Matt. 17:2–9; Mark 9:2–10; Luke 9:28–36). ... Christ's redemptive sacrifice was the purpose for which Elijah had ministered. ... And it was the goal about which Elijah spoke to Jesus in the Transfiguration.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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New Testament accountsEdit

File:Transfiguration. Mokvi Gospels Q-902, 59v, 1300.jpg
Georgian manuscript of Transfiguration in the Gospel of Mark, 1300

In the Synoptic Gospels, (Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse), the account of the transfiguration happens towards the middle of the narrative.Template:Sfn It is a key episode and almost immediately follows another important element, the Confession of Peter: "you are the Christ" (Matthew 16:16, Mark 8:29, Luke 9:20).Template:Sfn The transfiguration narrative acts as a further revelation of the identity of Jesus as the Son of God to some of his disciples.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In the gospels, Jesus takes Peter; James, son of Zebedee; and James' brother John with him and goes up to a mountain, which is not named. Once on the mountain, Template:Bibleverse states that Jesus "was transfigured before them; his face shining as the sun, and his garments became white as the light." At that point the prophet Elijah (representing the prophets) and Moses (representing the Law) appear and Jesus begins to talk to them.Template:Sfn Luke states that they spoke of Jesus' exodus (εξοδον) which he was about to accomplish in Jerusalem (Template:Bibleverse). Luke is also specific in describing Jesus in a state of glory, with Luke 9:32 referring to "they saw His glory".Template:Sfn

Just as Elijah and Moses begin to depart from the scene, Peter begins to ask Jesus if the disciples should make three tents for him and the two prophets. This has been interpreted as Peter's attempt to keep the prophets there longer.Template:Sfn But before Peter can finish, a bright cloud appears, and a voice from the cloud states: "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to him" (Template:Bibleverse). The disciples then fall to the ground in fear, but Jesus approaches and touches them, telling them not to be afraid. When the disciples look up, they no longer see Elijah or Moses.Template:Sfn

When Jesus and the three apostles are walking down the mountain, Jesus tells them to not tell anyone "the things they had seen" until the "Son of Man" has risen from the dead. The apostles are described as questioning among themselves as to what Jesus meant by "risen from the dead".Template:Sfn

In addition to the principal account given in the synoptic gospels; in 2 Peter 1:16–18, the Apostle Peter describes himself as an eyewitness "of his magnificence". Elsewhere in the New Testament, Paul the Apostle's reference in 2 Corinthians 3:18 to the "transformation of believers" via "beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord" became the theological basis for considering the transfiguration as the catalyst for processes which lead the faithful to the knowledge of God.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Although Matthew 17 lists the disciple John as being present during the transfiguration, the Gospel of John has no account of it.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This has resulted in debate among scholars, some suggesting doubts about the authorship of the Gospel of John, others providing explanations for it.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn One explanation (that goes back to Eusebius of Caesarea in the 4th century) is that John wrote his gospel not to overlap with the synoptic gospels but to supplement them, and hence he did not include all of their narrative.Template:Sfn Others believe that the Gospel of John does in fact allude to the transfiguration, in John 1:14.Template:Sfn This is not the only incident not present in the fourth gospel, and the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper is another key example, indicating that the author either was not aware of these narrative traditions, did not accept their veracity, or decided to omit them.Template:Sfn The general explanation is thus the Gospel of John was written thematically, to suit the author's theological purposes and has a less narrative style than the synoptics.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

TheologyEdit

ImportanceEdit

File:Saint Catherine's Transfiguration.jpg
Mosaic of the Transfiguration, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai

Christian theology assigns a great deal of significance to the transfiguration, based on multiple elements of the narrative. In Christian teachings, the transfiguration is a pivotal moment, and the setting on the mountain is presented as the point where human nature meets God: the meeting place for the temporal and the eternal, with Jesus as the connecting point, acting as the bridge between heaven and earth.Template:Sfn

The transfiguration not only supports the identity of Jesus as the Son of God (as in his baptism), but the statement "listen to him", identifies him as the messenger and mouth-piece of God.Template:Sfn The significance of this identification is enhanced by the presence of Elijah and Moses, for it indicates to the apostles that Jesus is the voice of God "par excellence", and instead of Moses or Elijah (representing the Law and the prophets) he should be listened to, surpassing the laws of Moses by virtue of his divinity and filial relationship with God.Template:Sfn 2 Peter 1:16–18 echoes the same message: at the Transfiguration God assigns to Jesus a special "honor and glory" and it is the turning point at which God exalts Jesus above all other powers in creation, and positions him as ruler and judge.Template:Sfn

The transfiguration also echoes the teaching by Jesus (as in Matthew 22:32) that God is not "the God of the dead, but of the living". Although Moses had died and Elijah had been taken up to heaven centuries before (as in 2 Kings 2:11), they now live in the presence of the Son of God, implying that the same return to life applies to all who face death and have faith.Template:Sfn

Historical developmentEdit

File:Transfiguration of Christ Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg
12th-century icon of the Transfiguration

The theology of the transfiguration received the attention of the Church Fathers from the earliest times. In the 2nd century, Irenaeus was fascinated by the transfiguration and wrote: "the glory of God is a live human being and a truly human life is the vision of God".Template:Sfn Origen's theology of the transfiguration influenced the patristic tradition and became a basis for theological writings by others.Template:Sfn Among other issues, given the instruction to the apostles to keep silent about what they had seen until the resurrection, Origen comments that the glorified states of the transfiguration and the resurrection must be related.Template:Sfn

The Desert Fathers emphasized the light of the ascetic experience and related it to the light of the transfiguration – a theme developed further by Evagrius Ponticus in the 4th century.Template:Sfn Around the same time Gregory of Nyssa and later Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite were developing a "theology of light" which then influenced Byzantine meditative and mystical traditions such as the Tabor light and theoria.Template:Sfn The iconography of the transfiguration continued to develop in this time period, and there is a 6th-century symbolic representation in the apse of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe and a well known depiction at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt.Template:Sfn

Byzantine Fathers often relied on highly visual metaphors in their writings, indicating that they may have been influenced by the established iconography.Template:Sfn The extensive writings of Maximus the Confessor may have been shaped by his contemplations on the katholikon at Saint Catherine's Monastery – not a unique case of a theological idea appearing in icons long before it appears in writings.Template:Sfn

In the 7th century, Maximus the Confessor said that the senses of the apostles were transfigured to enable them to perceive the true glory of Christ. In the same vein, building on 2 Corinthians 3:18, by the end of the 13th century the concept of "transfiguration of the believer" had stabilized and Gregory Palamas considered "true knowledge of God" to be a transfiguration of man by the Spirit of God.Template:Sfn The spiritual transfiguration of the believer then continued to remain a theme for achieving a closer union with God.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

One of the generalizations of Christian belief has been that the Eastern Church emphasizes the transfiguration while the Western Church focuses on the crucifixion. However, in practice both branches continue to attach significance to both events, although specific nuances continue to persist.Template:Sfn An example of such a nuance is the saintly signs of the Imitation of Christ. Unlike Catholic saints such as Padre Pio or Francis of Assisi (who considered stigmata a sign of the imitation of Christ) Eastern Orthodox saints have never reported stigmata, but saints such as Seraphim of Sarov and Silouan the Athonite have reported being transfigured by an inward light of grace.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Connection to the resurrectionEdit

File:Alexandr Ivanov 015.jpg
Transfiguration by Alexandr Ivanov, 1824

Origen's initial connection of the transfiguration with the resurrection continued to influence theological thought long thereafter.Template:Sfn This connection developed both within the theological and iconographic dimensions – which however, often influenced each other. Between the 6th and 9th centuries the iconography of the transfiguration in the East influenced the iconography of the resurrection, at times depicting various figures standing next to a glorified Christ.Template:Sfn

Most commentators in the Middle Ages considered the transfiguration a preview of the glorified body of Christ following his resurrection.Template:Sfn As an example, in the 8th century, in his sermon on the transfiguration, the Benedictine monk Ambrosius Autpertus directly links the Supper at Emmaus appearance in Luke 24:39 to the transfiguration narrative of Matthew 17:2, and states that in both cases, Jesus "was changed to a different form, not of nature, but of glory."Template:Sfn

The concept of the transfiguration as a preview and an anticipation of the resurrection includes several theological components.Template:Sfn On one hand it cautions the disciples, and therefore the reader, that the glory of the transfiguration and the message of Jesus can only be understood in the context of his death and resurrection and not simply on its own.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn When the transfiguration is considered an anticipation of the resurrection, the presentation of a shining Jesus on the mount of transfiguration as the Son of God who should be listened to can be understood in the context of the statement by Jesus in the resurrection appearance in Matthew 28:16–20: "all authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth".Template:Sfn

Presence of prophetsEdit

The presence of the prophets next to Jesus and the perceptions of the disciples have been subject to theological debate. Origen was the first to comment that the presence of Moses and Elijah represented the "Law and the prophets", referring to the Torah (also called the Pentateuch) and the rest of the Hebrew Bible.Template:Sfn Martin Luther continued to see them as the Law and the Prophets respectively, and their recognition of and conversation with Jesus as a symbol of how Jesus fulfills "the law and the prophets" (Matthew 5:17–19, see also Expounding of the Law).Template:Sfn

More recently, biblical scholar Caleb Friedeman has argued that the appearance of Moses and Elijah together at the transfiguration was because both of them had witnessed similar theophanies at Mount Sinai. Friedeman asserts that, in light of both Old Testament theophanies, the transfiguration must be considered a theophany in which Jesus manifests his divinity.Template:Sfn The connection between the Mount Sinai/Horeb theophanies of both Moses and Elijah and their presence at the Transfiguration is also made by the New American Bible.<ref>1 Kings 19, fn. [d]. New American Bible, Revised Edition.</ref>

The real presence of Moses and Elijah on the mount is rejected by those churches and individuals who believe in "soul sleep" (Christian mortalism) until resurrection. Several commentators have noted that the Gospel of Matthew describes the transfiguration using the Greek word horama (Template:Bibleverse), according to Thayer more often used for a supernatural "vision" than for real physical eventsTemplate:Efn and conclude that Moses and Elijah were not truly there.Template:Sfn In LDS doctrine, Moses and Elijah ministered to Christ as "spirits of just men made perfect" (Doctrine and Covenants 129:1–3; see also Hebrews 12:23).

Location of the mountainEdit

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File:Mount of transfiguration is.JPG
The Franciscan Church of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor in Israel. Mount Tabor is traditionally identified as the Mount of Transfiguration.

None of the accounts identify the "high mountain" of the scene by name. Since the 3rd century, some Christians have identified Mount Tabor as the site of the transfiguration, including Origen,Template:Sfn referencing Template:Bibleverse. Tabor has long been a place of Christian pilgrimage and is the site of the Church of the Transfiguration. In 1868, Henry Alford cast doubt on Tabor due to the possible continuing Roman use of a fortress which Antiochus the Great built on Tabor in 219 BC.Template:Sfn Others have countered that even if Tabor was fortified by Antiochus, this does not rule out a transfiguration at the summit.Template:Sfn Josephus mentions in the Jewish War that he built a wall along the top perimeter in 40 days, and he does not mention any previously existing structures.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn John Lightfoot rejects Tabor as too far but "some mountain near Caesarea-Philippi".Template:Sfn The usual candidate, in this case, is Mount Panium, Paneas, or Banias, a small hill situated at the source of the Jordan, near the foot of which Caesarea Philippi was built.

William Hendriksen in his commentary on Matthew (1973) favours Mount Meron.Template:Sfn Template:Harvtxt proposes that it was Mount Nebo, primarily on the basis that it was the location where Moses viewed the Promised Land and a parallelism in Jesus' words on descent from the mountain of transfiguration: "You will say to this mountain (i.e. of transfiguration), 'Move from here to there' (i.e. the promised land), and it will move, and nothing will be impossible for you." Template:Harvtxt notes that Mount Hermon is closest to Caesarea Philippi, mentioned in the previous chapter of Matthew. Likewise, Meyboom (1861) identifies "Djebel-Ejeik",Template:Efn but this may be a confusion with Jabal el-Sheikh, the Arabic name for Mount Hermon. Edward Greswell, however, writing in 1830, saw "no good reason for questioning the ancient ecclesiastical tradition, which supposes it to have been mount Tabor."Template:Sfn An alternative explanation is to understand the Mount of Transfiguration as symbolic topography in the gospels. As Elizabeth Struthers Malbon notes, the mountain is figuratively the meeting place between God and humans.Template:Sfn

Feast and commemorationsEdit

File:Fruits Transfiguration jp.jpg
First Fruits brought to be blessed on the Feast of the Transfiguration (Japanese Orthodox Church)

Various Christian denominations celebrate the Feast of the Transfiguration. The origins of the feast remain uncertain; it may have derived from the dedication of three basilicas on Mount Tabor.Template:Sfn The feast existed in various forms by the 9th century. In the 15th century Pope Callixtus III made it a universal feast celebrated on August 6 to commemorate the lifting of the siege of BelgradeTemplate:Sfn in July 1456.

The Syriac Orthodox, Indian Orthodox and Revised Julian calendars within the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, and Anglican churches mark the Feast of the Transfiguration on August 6. In those Orthodox churches which continue to follow the Julian Calendar, August 6 in the church calendar falls on August 19 in the civil (Gregorian) calendar. Transfiguration ranks as a major feast, numbered among the Twelve Great Feasts in the Byzantine rite. In all these churches, if the feast falls on a Sunday its liturgy is not combined with the Sunday liturgy, but replaces it.

In some liturgical calendars (e.g. the Lutheran and United Methodist) the last Sunday in the Epiphany season is also devoted to this event. In the Church of Sweden and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, however, the feast is celebrated on the seventh Sunday after Trinity (the eighth Sunday after Pentecost).

In the Roman rite, the gospel pericope of the transfiguration is read on the second Sunday of Lent – the liturgy emphasizes the role the transfiguration had in comforting the Twelve Apostles, giving them both a powerful proof of Christ's divinity and a prelude to the glory of the resurrection on Easter and the eventual salvation of his followers in view of the seeming contradiction of his crucifixion and death. The Preface for that day expounds this theme.Template:Sfn

Cultural echoesEdit

Several church buildings commemorate the Transfiguration in their naming. Note for example the Template:Ill – the original 17th-century church there gave its name to the surrounding village (Preobrazhenskoye – "Transfiguration [village]" near Moscow) which in turn became the namesake of Russia's pre-eminent Preobrazhensky ("Transfiguration") Regiment and of other associated names.

Gallery of imagesEdit

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