Tula, Russia

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Other uses|otherX|places with the same name}} Template:Dist Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality Tula (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast in Russia, located Template:Convert south of Moscow. Tula is located in the northern Central Russian Upland on the banks of the Upa River, a tributary of the Oka. At the 2010 census, Tula had a population of 501,169, an increase from 481,216 in 2002, making it the 32nd-largest city in Russia by population.Template:Historical populationsA primarily industrial city, Tula was a fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan. The city was seized by Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606 during the Time of Troubles and withstood a four-month siege by the Tsar's army. Historically, Tula has been a major centre for the manufacture of armaments. The Demidov family built the first armament factory in Russia in the city, in what would become the Tula Arms Plant, which still operates to this day.

Tula is home to the Klokovo air base, Tula State University, the Tula Kremlin, Tula State Museum of Weapons, and Kazanskaya Embankment. Tula has a historical association with the samovar, a metal container used to heat and boil water; the city was a major center of Russian samovar production. Yasnaya Polyana, the former home of the writer Leo Tolstoy, is located Template:Convert southwest of Tula. Additionally, Tula is known for its imprinted gingerbread (pryanik),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which has been made in Tula since the 17th century.

EtymologyEdit

The name of the city is likely pre-Russian, probably of Baltic origin.<ref>Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва: Русские словари, 1998, pg. 423: "The earliest etymologies derived the place name from Russian dialectal tulá 'hidden, unreachable place'... The pre-Russian origin of the name of the river and town is no longer doubted [Maiorova 1985].... Since the name of the river Upa is certainly Baltic..., its tributary *Tula [the presumed earlier form of Tulitsa] may also be of Baltic origin, which is supported by a series of parallels in Lithuanian toponymy: the river Tule, the Tulis swamp, the Tulyte field, the meadow Tulejos, the valley Tulija, etc. [Vanagas, 1981]; the meaning of these toponyms is not entirely clear...."</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:Тула на гравюре 1807 года.JPG

Tula in 1807

Tula was first mentioned in the Nikon Chronicle (year 1146).<ref name="tokarev" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the Middle Ages, Tula was a minor fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan. As soon as it passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a brick citadel, or kremlin, was constructed in 1514–1521.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> It was a key fortress of the Great Abatis Belt and successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars in 1552. In 1607, Ivan Bolotnikov and his supporters seized the citadel and withstood a four-months siege by the Tsar's army. In the 18th century, some parts of the kremlin walls were demolished. Despite its archaic appearance, the five-domed Assumption Cathedral in the kremlin was built as late as 1764.Template:Citation needed

In 1712, Tula was visited by Peter the Great, who commissioned the Demidov blacksmiths to build the first armament factory in Russia. Several decades later, Tula was turned by the Demidovs into the greatest ironworking center of Eastern Europe. The oldest museum in the city, showcasing the history of weapons, was inaugurated by the Demidovs in 1724, and Nicholas-Zaretsky Church in the city houses their family vault. The first factory to produce samovars industrially was also established there in the course of the 18th century. After the Demidovs moved the center of their manufacture to the Urals, Tula continued as a center of heavy industry, particularly in the manufacture of matériel.Template:Citation needed

In the 1890s, Ivan Savelyev, a medical orderly, became the founder of social democracy in Tula and set up a workers' study circle.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

During World War II, the city was important in the production of armaments. Tula became the target of a German offensive to break Soviet resistance in the Moscow area between 24 October and 5 December 1941. According to Erik Durschmied in The Weather Factor: How Nature has Changed History, one German general reached the southwestern outskirts of Tula on 29–30 October 1941. <ref>Arcade Publishing, 2002; Template:ISBN</ref>

The heavily fortified city held out, however, and Guderian's Second Panzer Army was stopped near Tula. The city secured the southern flank during the Battle of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive. Tula was awarded the title Hero City in 1976. It is home to the Klokovo air base and the Tula Arms Plant.Template:Citation needed

Administrative and municipal statusEdit

Tula serves as the administrative center of the oblast.<ref name="Ref144">Law #954-ZTO</ref> Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref144"/> As a municipal division, the territories of Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction and of Leninsky District are incorporated as Tula Urban Okrug.<ref name="Ref900">Law #553-ZTO</ref><ref name="Note">All rural localities included as a part of Tula Urban Okrug in Law #553-ZTO are listed as a part of Leninsky District in OKATO.</ref>

MayorsEdit

Sergey Kazakov (1997–2005)
Vladimir Mogilnikov (2005–2010)
Alisa Tolkachyova (2010–2011)
Yevgeny Avilov (2011–2012)
Aleksandr Prokopuk (2012–2014)
Yuri Tskipuri (2014–2019)
Olga Slyusareva (2019–present time)

EconomyEdit

For more than four centuries Tula has been known as a center of crafts and metalworking. Tula is a developed industrial center. Importance in the industrial structure of Tula are metallurgy, machinery and metal with a high share of the military-industrial complex and food manufacturing.Template:Citation needed

Armaments industryEdit

Almaz-Antey Concern: Scientific Production Association Strela (Russian: ОАО НПО «Стрела»)
Splav (Russian: ОАО НПО «СПЛАВ») part of the Techmash holding of Rostec; only manufacturer of multiple rocket launchers in Russia: BM-21 Grad, BM-27 Uragan, BM-30 Smerch
KBP Instrument Design Bureau
Shcheglovsky Val plant (Russian: «Щегловский вал» завод): manufacturer of the Bumerang-BM for the T-15 Armata
Tactical Missiles Corporation: TsKBA (Russian: ОАО «ЦКБА»)
File:Tula asv2019-09 img05 Uspensky Convent aerial view.jpg
Aerial view of Tula
Tula Arms Plant
Tulamashzavod
Tula Cartridge Plant

Other companiesEdit

Shtamp Machine-Building Plant
Oktava
Yasnaya Polyana: a confectionery factory established in 1973 under the holding of United Confectioners (Russian: Холдинг «Объединенные кондитеры») that produces 340 different candies including "Yasnaya Polyana"<ref name=Candies>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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CultureEdit

File:Metallistov Street in Tula in winter.jpg

Metallistov Street

File:Day of the Town 2023 (Tula) 08.jpg

City Day in Tula in 2023

A musical instrument, the Tula accordion, is named after the city, which is a center of manufacture for such instruments sold throughout Russia and the world. Tula is also renowned for traditional Russian pryanik, cookies made with honey and spices (see Tula pryanik). In the West, Tula is perhaps best known as the center of arms manufacturing, mainly by TT pistol, as well as samovar production: the Russian equivalent of "coals to Newcastle" is "You don't take a samovar to Tula". (The saying is falsely ascribed to the writer and playwright Anton Chekhov, whose made a satirical portrait of one of his characters saying "Taking your wife to Paris is the same as taking your own samovar to Tula".)

The most popular tourist attraction in Tula Oblast is Yasnaya Polyana, the home and burial place of the writer Leo Tolstoy. It is situated Template:Convert southwest of the city. It was here that Tolstoy wrote his celebrated novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina. The largest public park in Tula is the P. Belousov Central Park of Culture and Recreation.

EducationEdit

Tula is home to:

Tula State University
Tula State Pedagogical University<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The Tula artillery and Engineering Institute
A branch of All Russia Economic and Finance Institute
A branch of Moscow Economics and Management Institute

TransportationEdit

Since 1867, there has been a railway connection between Tula and Moscow.<ref>Train Station in Tula Template:In lang</ref> Tula is a major railway junction with trains to Moscow, Oryol, Kursk and Kaluga. The Moscow to Simferopol M2 motorway runs past the city. City transport is provided by trams, trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas. Tula trams, trolleybuses, and bus routes are operated by "Tulgorelectrotrans" (Tula city electrotransport company). The Russian Air Force base Klokovo is located nearby.

LiAZ-5256-bus in Tula.jpg

Bus LiAZ-5256
Tramway-tula.jpg

Tram Tatra T3
SMU 83-84 Tula.JPG

Tatra T6B5
LM-2008 Perekop Tula.JPG

LM-2008
Tula Trolleybus 17 2007.jpg

Trolleybus VMZ-5298

ReligionEdit

File:Успенский собор Тульского кремля. Тула.jpg

Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos in Tula

Most of Tula's churches are Russian Orthodox churches. Next in number are Catholics and Protestants. Other religions present in the city include Muslims, Jews, Hare Krishna, Buddhists and Taoists.

All Orthodox organizations in Tula and the Tula Oblast are under the Diocese of Tula and Yefremov. The oldest churches in Tula include the Saints' Cathedral (built from 1776-1800), the Annunciation Church (1692), and the Assumption Cathedral of the Tula Kremlin (1762-1764). The Shcheglovsky Monastery of Holy Mother of God is also located within the city, built in the mid-19th century and consecrated in 1860.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Old Believers' community services are performed in the church of St. John Chrysostom.

The only Roman Catholic church in Tula is the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Since the 1990s, several Protestant denominations have grown, the largest of which is a Baptist church with a prayer house in Tula. Representatives of other Protestant churches in Tula are Seventh-day Adventists, Presbyterians (Church of the Holy Trinity, The Glorious Jesus the Lord, the Good News), Pentecostals (Tula Christian Center, Church of the New Testament) and other evangelical churches (Word of Life, the Vine Gypsy Church).Template:Cn

The city also has a synagogue and the Jewish Community House.

SportsEdit

File:Vedenin Ski track 2023 05.jpg

Vedenin Ski track in Tula

In Russian fist fighting, Tula was considered to have some of the most famous fighters.<ref>Русский кулачный бой: "Tula's fighters were always glorious, but every place had its heroes."</ref><ref>Сказания о русских народных играх "Tula's fighters were considered the best one on one."</ref>

The city association football club, FC Arsenal Tula, played in the Russian Premier League in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 seasons.

PeopleEdit

ArtsEdit

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), Writer
Leonid Bobylev (born 1949), composer
German Galynin (1922–1966), composer
Vladimir Mashkov (born 1963), theater and film actor and director
Vyacheslav Nevinny (1934–2009), theater and film actor
Maria Ouspenskaya (1876–1949), actress and acting teacher
Vsevolod Sanayev (1912–1996), theater and film actor, acting teacher
Sofia Sotnichevskaya (1916–2011), actress
Irina Skobtseva (1927–2020), actress
Gleb Uspensky (1843–1901), writer
Vikenty Veresaev (1867–1945), writer
Alexey Vorobyov (born 1988), singer, actor and model
Alexey Goloborodko (born 1994), dance contortionist

Public servantsEdit

Vyacheslav Dudka (born 1960), governor of Tula Oblast (2005–2011)
Vladimir Ivanov (1893–1938), Soviet politician
Yury Afonin, politician
Viktor Ilyich Baranov, Soviet Army lieutenant general
Ivan Bakhtin, governor of the Kharkov Governorate

Sciences, technologiesEdit

Nikolay Artemov (1908–2005) physiologist
Vladimir Bazarov (1874–1939), philosopher and economist
Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1949), weapons engineer
Valery Legasov (1936–1988), inorganic chemist
Valery Polyakov (1942-2022), cosmonaut
Ivan Sakharov (1807–1863), folklorist, ethnographer
Petr Sushkin (1868–1928), ornithologist
Sergei Tokarev (1899–1985), historian, ethnographer

SportsEdit

Ksenia Afanasyeva (born 1991), Olympic artistic gymnast, world and European champion
Evgeniya Augustinas (born 1988), racing cyclist, European champion
Ekaterina Gnidenko (born 1992), track cyclist
Yevgeny Grishin (1931–2005), speedskater, Olympic and European champion
Oksana Grishina (born 1968), track cyclist
Irina Kirillova (born 1965), volleyball player, Olympic, world and European champion
Sergei Kopylov (born 1960), racing cyclist
Alexander Kotov (1913–1981), chess player, international grandmaster, SSSR champion, author, mechanical engineer
Viktor Kudriavtsev (born 1937), figure skating coach
Andrey Kuznetsov (born 1991), tennis player
Vladimir Leonov (born 1937), cyclist
Valentina Maksimova (born 1937), track cyclist
Ihor Nadein (1948–2014), football player and coach
Nikolay Novikov, (born 15 May 1946), boxer
Alexandra Obolentseva (born 2001), chess player
Yelena Posevina (born 1986), rhythmic gymnast, Olympic, world and European champion
Anastasia Voynova (born 1993), racing cyclist, world and European champion

OthersEdit

Nikita Demidov (1656–1725), industrialist, founder of Demidov dynasty

PopulationEdit

Population size
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ClimateEdit

Tula has a humid continental climate,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> featuring warm summers, and cold, but not particularly severe winters by Russian standards.

Template:Weather box