USS Indiana (BB-1)

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USS Indiana was the lead ship of her class and the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to foreign battleships of the time.Template:Sfn Authorized in 1890 and commissioned five years later, she was a small battleship, though with heavy armor and ordnance. The ship also pioneered the use of an intermediate battery. She was designed for coastal defense Template:Sfn and as a result, her decks were not safe from high waves on the open ocean.

Indiana served in the Spanish–American War (1898) as part of the North Atlantic Squadron. She took part in both the blockade of Santiago de Cuba and the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, which occurred when the Spanish fleet attempted to break through the blockade. Although unable to join the chase of the escaping Spanish cruisers, she was partly responsible for the destruction of the Spanish destroyers Plutón and Furor. After the war, she quickly became obsolete—despite several modernizations—and spent most of her time in commission as a training ship or in the reserve fleet, with her last commission during World War I as a training ship for gun crews. She was decommissioned for the third and final time in January 1919 and was shortly after reclassified Coast Battleship Number 1 so that the name Indiana could be reused. She was sunk in shallow water as a target in aerial bombing tests in 1920, and her hull was sold for scrap in 1924.

DesignEdit

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Indiana was constructed from a modified version of a design drawn up by a US Navy policy board in 1889 for a short-range battleship. The original design was part of an ambitious naval construction plan to build 33 battleships and 167 smaller ships. The United States Congress saw the plan as an attempt to end the U.S. policy of isolationism and did not approve it, but a year later, the United States House of Representatives approved funding for three coast defense battleships, which would become Indiana and her sister ships Template:USS and Template:USS.Template:Sfn The "coast defense" designation was reflected in IndianaTemplate:'s moderate endurance, relatively small displacement and low freeboard, which limited seagoing capability.Template:Sfn The ships proved to be disappointments in service, as they were badly overweight upon completion, their low freeboard hampered operations at sea, and they handled poorly.Template:Sfn Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships describes her design as "attempting too much on a very limited displacement."Template:Sfn They were nevertheless the first modern battleships for the American fleet.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

File:USS Oregon 1893 USNHC NH 76619 010332.jpg

Plan and profile illustration of Template:USS, one of the Template:Sclasss

Indiana was Template:Convert long overall and had a beam of Template:Cvt and a draft of Template:Cvt. She displaced Template:Convert as designed and up to Template:Convert at full load. The ship was powered by two-shaft triple-expansion steam engines rated at Template:Convert and four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, generating a top speed of Template:Convert. She had a cruising radius of Template:Convert at a speed of Template:Convert. As built, she was fitted with a heavy military mast, which was later supplemented by a stern cage mast in 1910–1911. She had a crew of 32 officers and 441 enlisted men, which increased to a total of 586–636 officers and enlisted.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

The ship was armed with a main battery of four [[13"/35 caliber gun|Template:Cvt /35 caliber guns]] in two twin gun turrets on the centerline, one forward and aft. The secondary battery consisted of eight [[8"/35 caliber gun|Template:Convert /35 cal. guns]], which were placed in four twin wing turrets. These were supported by a battery of six Template:Cvt /40 cal. guns in a casemate battery amidships. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, she carried twenty 6-pounder guns and six 1-pounder guns in individual mounts. As was standard for capital ships of the period, Indiana carried [[American 18 inch torpedo|Template:Convert]] torpedo tubes in above-water mounts, though the number is unclear. According to Conway's, she was fitted with six tubes, though the naval historian Norman Friedman states she was ordered with seven but completed with five.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

IndianaTemplate:'s main armored belt was Template:Convert thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and was reduced to Template:Convert at the bow and stern. The main battery gun turrets had Template:Convert thick sides, and the supporting barbettes had the same thickness of armor plate on their exposed sides. The 8 in turrets had 6 in of armor plating, and the casemate battery had Template:Cvt. The conning tower had Template:Convert thick sides.Template:Sfn

Service historyEdit

Construction and early careerEdit

File:US Battleship Indiana.jpg

Indiana early in her career

Construction of the ships was authorized on 30 June 1890, and the contract for Indiana—not including guns and armor—was awarded to William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia, who offered to build it for $3,020,000.Template:Sfn The ship's total cost was almost twice as high, approximately $6,000,000.Template:Sfn The contract specified the ship had to be built in three years, but slow delivery of armor plates caused a two-year delay.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn IndianaTemplate:'s keel was laid down on 7 May 1891Template:Sfn and she was launched on 28 February 1893, attended by around 10,000 people, including President Benjamin Harrison, several members of his cabinet and the two senators from Indiana.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn During her fitting-out in early March 1894, the ship undertook a preliminary sea trial to test her speed and machinery.Template:Sfn At this point, her side armor, guns, turrets, and conning tower had not yet been fitted,Template:Sfn and her official trials would not take place until October 1895 due to the delays in armor deliveries.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Indiana was commissioned on 20 November 1895 under the command of Captain Robley D. Evans.Template:Sfn After further trials, the ship joined the North Atlantic Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Francis M. Bunce, which conducted training exercises along the East Coast of the United States.Template:Sfn In late 1896, both main turrets broke loose from their clamps in heavy seas. Because the turrets were not centrally balanced, they swung from side to side with the ship's motion, until they were secured with heavy ropes. Heavier clamps were installed, but in February 1896, while conducting fleet maneuvers with the North Atlantic squadron, the Indiana encountered more bad weather and started rolling heavily. Her new captain, Henry Clay Taylor, promptly ordered her back to port for fear the clamps would break again.Template:Sfn This convinced the navy that bilge keels—omitted during construction because, with them, the ship could not fit in most American dry docks—were necessary to reduce the rolling,Template:Sfn and they were installed on all three ships of the Indiana-class.Template:Sfn

Spanish–American WarEdit

File:LOC 3b37478u 1898-Apr 14 The Indiana in battle.jpg

Painting of Indiana during the battle of Santiago

At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, Indiana was at Key West with the rest of the North Atlantic Squadron, at the time commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn His squadron was ordered to the Spanish port of San Juan in an attempt to intercept and destroy Admiral Cervera's Spanish squadron, which was en route to the Caribbean from Spain. The harbor was empty, but Indiana and the rest of the squadron bombarded it for two hours on 12 May 1898 before realizing their mistake.Template:Sfn The squadron returned to Key West, where news arrived three weeks later that Commodore Schley's Flying Squadron had found Cervera and was now blockading him in the port of Santiago de Cuba. Sampson reinforced Schley on 1 JuneTemplate:Sfn and assumed overall command.Template:Sfn

In an attempt to break the stalemate, it was decided to attack Santiago from land. A transport convoy was assembled in Key West, and Indiana was sent back to lead it.Template:Sfn The expeditionary force, under the command of Major General William Rufus Shafter, landed east of the city and attacked it on 1 July.Template:Sfn Cervera saw that his situation was desperate and attempted to break through the blockade on 3 July 1898, resulting in the battle of Santiago de Cuba.Template:Sfn The cruisers Template:USS and Template:USS and battleship Massachusetts had left the day before to load coal in Guantanamo Bay.Template:Sfn Admiral Sampson's flagship, the cruiser Template:USS, had also sailed east earlier that morning for a meeting with General Shafter,Template:Sfn leaving Commodore Schley in command.Template:Sfn This left the blockade weakened and unbalanced on the day of the battle, as three modern battleships (Indiana, Oregon and Template:USS) and the armed yacht Template:USS guarded the east, while the west was only defended by the second-class battleship Template:USS, cruiser Template:USS and armed yacht Template:USS.Template:Sfn

Occupying the extreme eastern position of the blockade,Template:Sfn Indiana fired at the cruisers Infanta María Teresa and Almirante Oquendo as they left the harbor,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn but, due to engine problems, was unable to keep up with the Spanish cruisers as they fled to the west.Template:Sfn When the Spanish destroyers Plutón and Furor emerged, Indiana was near the harbor entrance and, together with Iowa, she supported the armed yacht Gloucester in the destruction of the lightly armored enemy ships.Template:Sfn She was then ordered to keep up the blockade of the harbor in case more Spanish ships came out and so played no role in the chase and sinking of the two remaining Spanish cruisers, Vizcaya and Cristóbal Colón.Template:Sfn

Post Spanish–American WarEdit

File:Damaged USS Indiana (BB-1) following aerial bombing tests (37970282031).jpg

Aerial view of the damaged Indiana following aerial bombing tests

After the war, Indiana returned to training exercises with the North Atlantic Squadron. In May 1900, she and Massachusetts were placed in reserve as the navy had an acute officer shortage and needed to put the new Template:Sclass and Template:Sclass into commission.Template:Sfn The battleships were reactivated the following month as an experiment in how quickly this could be achieved,Template:Sfn but Indiana was placed in the reserve fleet again that winter.Template:Sfn In March 1901, it was decided to use her that summer for a midshipman practice cruise,Template:Sfn and this would be her regular summer job for the next few years,Template:Sfn while the rest of the time she would serve as a training ship.Template:Sfn During her time as a training vessel, her crew beat the 1903 world record with eight-inch guns, four bullseyes with four shots.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was decommissioned on 29 December 1903Template:Sfn to be overhauled and modernized.Template:Sfn The obsolete battleship received several upgrades: new Babcock & Wilcox boilers, counterweights to balance her main turrets, and electric traversing mechanisms for her turrets.Template:Sfn She was recommissioned on 9 January 1906 and manned by the former crew of her sister ship Massachusetts, including Captain Edward D. Taussig, commanding. Massachusetts had been decommissioned the day before to receive similar modernization.Template:Sfn

During her second commission, Indiana spent most of her time laid up in the reserve fleet,Template:Sfn occasionally participating in practice cruises.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In January 1907, she helped provide relief in the aftermath of the 1907 Kingston earthquake.Template:Sfn In 1908, the [[6-inch/40-caliber gun|Template:Convert/40 caliber guns]] and most of the lighter guns were removed to compensate for the counterweights added to the main battery turrets and because the ammunition supply for the guns was considered problematic. A year later, twelve [[3-inch/50-caliber gun|Template:Convert/50 caliber]] single-purpose guns were added midships and in the fighting tops. At the same time, a cage mast was added.Template:Sfn In early 1910, she was fitted with an experimental Lacoste speed brake, which would be deployed from the side of the hull to act as an emergency brake; the trials were inconclusive.Template:Sfn By 1913 it was speculated that the ship might soon be used for target practice,Template:Sfn but instead, the ship was decommissioned on 23 May 1914.Template:Sfn After the United States entered World War I, Indiana was commissioned for the third time and served as a training ship for gun crews near Tompkinsville, Staten Island, and in the York River, and placed under the command of George Landenberger.Template:Sfn

On 31 January 1919, she was decommissioned for the final time, and two months later, she was renamed Coast Battleship Number 1 so that the name Indiana could be assigned to the newly authorized—but never completed—battleship Template:USS.Template:Sfn The old battleship was brought to shallow waters in the Chesapeake Bay near the wreck of the target ship Template:USS (ex-Battleship Texas).Template:Sfn Here she was subjected to aerial bombing tests conducted by the navy. She was hit with dummy bombs from aircraft, and explosive charges were set off at the positions where the bombs hit. The tests were a response to claims from Billy Mitchell—at the time assistant to Chief of Air Service Charles T. Menoher—who stated to Congress that the Air Service could sink any battleship. The conclusions drawn by the navy from the experiments conducted on Indiana were very different, as Captain William D. Leahy stated in his report: "The entire experiment pointed to the improbability of a modern battleship being either destroyed or completely put out of action by aerial bombs." The subject remained a matter of dispute between Mitchell and the Navy, and several more bombing tests were conducted with other decommissioned battleships, culminating in the sinking of Template:SMS.Template:Sfn Despite the navy's conclusions, Indiana sank during the test and settled in the shallow water, where she remained until her wreck was sold for scrap on 19 March 1924.Template:Sfn When the US Navy adopted hull numbers in 1920, Indiana was retroactively assigned the number "BB-1".Template:Sfn