Ulrich Wegener

Ulrich Klaus Wegener (22 August 1929 – 28 December 2017) was a German police officer of the Federal Border Protection (holding the rank of Brigadier General and the official title of Commander of the Federal Border Protection, Border Protection Command West).<ref name="BROL1">Template:Cite interview</ref><ref name="WLT1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was also the commander and founding member of the federal counter-terrorism force GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9).<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="IA1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Early life

Wegener was born in Jüterbog, Province of Brandenburg, Weimar Germany.<ref name="SHGBD1" /> He was the son of an army officer and came from a family steeped in Prussian military tradition.<ref name="SHGBD1" /><ref name="NYT01">Template:Cite news</ref> During the Second World War, between the ages of 14 and 15, Wegener was briefly a compulsory member of the Hitler Youth and, living near Berlin, endured the relentless Allied air raids.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" />

In 1949, Wegener's home state of Brandenburg fell within the borders of communist East Germany (German Democratic Republic), where he began his studies in economics.<ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /> In the early 1950s, as a member of an anti-communist group, he distributed dissident leaflets against the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in the Soviet-occupied sector of East Berlin.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /> He was subsequently arrested for "socially hostile activity" after the group was informed on, initially imprisoned in Potsdam and later in Brandenburg. He spent more than a year and a half in a GDR State Security (Stasi) prison, where they tried to break him before his release.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref>Interview with Wegener in Neue Presse, Hanover, on 26 November 2008</ref> In 1952, Wegener fled to West Berlin before taking entrance exams in West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) for both an officer's career in the West German Readiness (Riot) Police (Bereitschaftspolizei) and the newly formed Federal Defence Forces (Bundeswehr).<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" />

Career

Wegener's police career began in 1952 with the Readiness (Riot) Police (Bereitschaftspolizei) of the state of Baden-Württemberg,<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /> where he served as a police sergeant (Polizeiwachtmeister) on probation. Due to a lack of opportunities for advancement, Wegener applied for a career as an officer in the Bundeswehr and the Federal Border Protection (BGS, Bundesgrenzschutz).<ref name="BROL1" /> After passing the entrance exams, he decided to join the BGS in 1958.<ref name="SHGBD1" /> Following his attendance at officer school in Lübeck, he was promoted to lieutenant (Leutnant) in the BGS in 1959.<ref name="WLT1" /> He became the company commander of the 7th/GSG 2 (7th company of the Border Protection Group 2)<ref name="KHK1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and later the 15th/GSG 2 (15th company of the Border Protection Group 2) in Coburg, Bavaria.<ref name="WR1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1969, he attended staff officer training (Stabsoffiziersausbildung) and held the rank of Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant).<ref name="BROL1" /> From 1970 to 1972, Wegener was the liaison officer for the BGS at the Federal Ministry of the Interior.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /> In 1972, he was training at the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy, before returning to Germany shortly before the 1972 Summer Olympic Games.<ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /> Wegener was the first Federal Border Protection (Bundesgrenzschutz) officer to participate in this high-level training.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" />

Formation of GSG 9 following the Munich Olympic massacre

Wegener was the Federal Border Protection (BGS, Bundesgrenzschutz) liaison officer at the Federal Ministry of the Interior during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /> While serving as an adjutant to Federal Interior Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, he witnessed the failure of the regular Bavarian State Police in the face of an unprecedented threat from Palestinian terrorists during the hostage-taking of the Israeli Olympic team—a type of threat previously unknown in Germany.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="IA1" /> Even the presence of the Federal Border Protection (BGS) would not have changed the catastrophic outcome of the hostage-taking.<ref name="BROL1" /> Two weeks after the disaster, Genscher, in agreement with Wegener's suggestion, entrusted him on 26 September 1972 with the rapid formation of the specialized counter-terrorism tactical intervention unit, Border Protection Group 9 (GSG 9, Grenzschutzgruppe 9), appointing him as its commander.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /><ref name="IA1" />

The designation GSG 9 is derived from the structure of the Federal Border Protection (BGS, Bundesgrenzschutz), which, at the time of the unit's founding, consisted of four border protection commands with a total of eight border protection groups (GSG 1 to 7 and Sea). Since the GSG 9 was not integrated into any of the existing structures, it was designated Border Protection Group 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9, GSG 9).

In the early 1970s, counter-terrorism units were still a relatively unheard-of form of combating terrorism, with the only truly established groups at the time being Israel's Sayeret Matkal, which had some experience in counter-terrorism and hostage-rescue, and Britain's Special Air Service (SAS), albeit with experience primarily in guerrilla warfare.<ref name="IA1" /> However, these were special military combat units rather than specialized counter-terrorism and hostage-rescue units.<ref name="IA1" /> Counter-terrorism and tactical policing specifically were still relatively unheard-of methods, and no military in the world had a unit specialized in handling hostage crises.<ref name="IA1" /> Since there were no specialized units in the modern sense—only special military combat units—GSG 9 became the first specialized counter-terrorism tactical intervention and hostage rescue unit.<ref name="IA1" /><ref name="GD1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To this end, Wegener cooperated with both groups, assimilating many of their methods into the doctrine he would establish for the GSG 9.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Following the Munich Olympic massacre, the British SAS also developed its own specialized counter-terrorism unit (codenamed Pagoda Team).<ref name="IA1" />

Wegener's short time with the British SAS is well documented, but his cooperation with the Israeli Sayeret Matkal (and alleged participation in the rescue of the Israeli hostages during Operation Entebbe in Uganda in 1976) is less publicized.<ref name=Lanning>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=smh180103>Template:Cite news</ref>

Interview with Bayerischer Rundfunk

In an interview in November 2000 with Holger Lösch from Bayerischer Rundfunk, Wegener was asked: "You are an intimate connoisseur of military history. Which role models inspired you when planning the GSG 9 unit? Was it Stirling, the forefather of the SAS, or the Brandenburgers?" Wegener replied: "Everyone played a certain role in it. I looked into the history of the German special forces in the army archives, I looked into the history of the Brandenburgers and the English with Stirling, the forerunners of the SAS. But none of it fit because the tasks were completely different. The Israelis were always my role model, and they were the ones who, despite this traumatic experience that they also went through, were immediately ready to help us."<ref name="BROL1" />

"The task of dealing with terrorism was always at the forefront for me. Because the Israelis always had the most experience in fighting terrorism and had already solved several cases with their special forces, it was clear to me that we had to work together. It was clear to me that the situation and circumstances in Israel were completely different from those in Germany. We couldn't adopt a lot of things, but we adopted many tactical tricks from the Israelis, and also in leadership matters, I always leaned toward the Israelis. Specifically, an Israeli officer said to me at the time: "We adopted a lot from you, including from the Wehrmacht era.""<ref name="BROL1" />

When asked about the rumors of his presence in Entebbe in 1976, Wegener replied: "There are some things I am not allowed to say yet because they have not been released. I can only say this much: I was in Entebbe in the interests of the Germans and Israelis, but also before the Israeli attack was carried out. We tried to gather information about the enemy, the terrorists, as well as about the possible supporters who were present in Uganda. We were very successful and were able to gather a great deal of information."<ref name="BROL1" />

Storming of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 in Mogadishu

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Wegener was the GSG 9 commander during the liberation of the hostages taken by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine on the Boeing 737 Landshut hijacking, operated by Lufthansa as flight 181, in Mogadishu, Somalia, on the night of October 17–18, 1977.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /> Wegener directed and led the operation from the ground as his GSG 9 assault teams stormed the plane.<ref name="STRN1">Template:Cite interview</ref> Two terrorists were killed, one was fatally wounded, and the fourth was captured alive but critically wounded. Having both planned and led the successful operation to liberate the hostages of the Lufthansa 181 hijacking, Wegener was promoted from the rank of Lieutenant Colonel (Oberstleutnant) to Colonel (Oberst).<ref name="SDZ1">Template:Cite news</ref> Along with his GSG 9 assault team members, he was awarded the German Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit (Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz).<ref name="SHGBD1" /><ref name="SDZ1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Commander of the Federal Border Protection

In 1979, whilst holding the rank of Oberst (Colonel),<ref name="ALY1">Template:Cite news</ref> Wegener relinquished command of the GSG 9 unit he had established to his deputy, Klaus Blätte, and was appointed as the permanent representative of the Inspector of the Federal Border Protection in the Federal Ministry of the Interior.<ref name="SHGBD1" /><ref name="SDZ1" /> In 1981, he was promoted to Brigadier General (Brigadegeneral) and took command of the Federal Border Protection's Border Protection Command West, a position he held until his retirement in 1989.<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="WLT1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /><ref name="SDZ1" />

Later life

Wegener was considered one of the world's leading sought-after experts on counter-terrorism and advised on the establishment of numerous special units in other countries, including head of the German Advisory Group at the Royal Saudi Special Security Forces (SSF).<ref name="BROL1" /><ref name="SHGBD1" /><ref name=NYT01/> After his retirement, he continued to be a counterterrorism expert and international security advisor.<ref name="SHGBD1" /> From the 1980s onwards, he lived in Windhagen in the Westerwald, gave lectures, and became a member of the political party Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). Wegener was also a member of the Security Committee of the German Template:Ill.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Wegener was widowed to Magda and is survived by his daughters, Simone and Susanne. His daughter, Simone Stewens, is a television journalist and was the director of the International Film School Cologne.<ref name=NYT01/> Aged 88, Wegener died on 28 December 2017.<ref name="WLT1" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Publications

• "Esprit de Corps!". Die Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG 9) ("Esprit de Corps!" The Border Protection Group 9 (GSG 9)), in German. In: Reinhard Günzel Et al.: Geheime Krieger: Drei deutsche Kommandoverbände im Bild: KSK, Brandenburger, GSG 9 (Secret Warriors: Three German commando units in pictures: KSK, Brandenburgers, GSG 9), in German. Publisher: Pour le Mérite Verlag, Selent, 2006, ISBN 9783932381294, p. 87–125.
• GSG 9 – Stärker als der Terror (GSG 9 – Stronger than Terror), in German. Edited by: Ulrike Zander, Harald Biermann, Publisher: Lit Verlag, Münster, 2017, ISBN 9783643137623.

Honours

• October 1977: Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 1978: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 2018: a street name dedication of Ulrich-Wegener-Weg in his former place of residence, Troisdorf.
• August 2020: A street in Windhagen was named after him.