Umberto Agnelli

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Umberto Agnelli ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 1 November 1934 – 27 May 2004) was an Italian industrialist and politician. He was the third son of Virginia (born Donna Virginia Bourbon del Monte) and Edoardo Agnelli, and the youngest brother of Gianni Agnelli.<ref name="Chapman 2004">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Popham 2004">Template:Cite news</ref>

Agnelli served as a CEO of Italian carmaker Fiat from 1970 to 1976.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the death of his brother, he was briefly chairman of the Fiat Group until his death, aged 69, in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was also chairman and later honorary chairman of Juventus, the football team long-associated with Fiat and the Agnelli family, and was for a time the president of the Italian Football Federation. He was a Christian Democracy member of the Senate of the Republic from 1976 to 1979.<ref name="Chapman 2004" /> In 2015, he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Agnelli was born in Lausanne, Switzerland,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> on 1 November 1934, as the youngest of seven children.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the premature deaths of his parents, Edoardo Agnelli and Virginia Bourbon del Monte in two unrelated accidents, he was raised by his older brother Gianni Agnelli. He graduated in law at the University of Catania. Like his brother and his grandfather, Giovanni Agnelli, who cofounded Fiat S.p.A. in 1899,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> he also carried out his military service at the Pinerolo Cavalry Application School.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

CareerEdit

File:Umberto Agnelli and Antonella Piaggio 1960 Olympics.jpg

Agnelli with his first wife at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome

Agnelli was chairman of Fiat France from 1965 to 1980, chief executive officer of Fiat from 1970 to 1976 and its vice president from 1976 to 1993. He was chairman of Fiat Auto from 1980 to 1990,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was a member of the International Advisory Board from 1993 to 2004. He was also chairman of Juventus between 1956 and 1961 and was honorary chairman from 1970 to 2004.<ref name="Chapman 2004"/> He led the club to become the most successful in Italian football.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Engaged for a long time in the Fiat restructuring process, with the simultaneous opening towards foreign capital and markets, Agnelli and his family were listed 278th in the 2003 Forbes ranking of the richest people in the world, with an estimated net worth of around US$1.5 billion. Although he was a senior executive at Fiat, Agnelli was sidelined from taking a leadership role by his older brother,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> whom he had supported for a long time in the management of the family company even if often forced to remain on the bench for financial power games, until the latter's death in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

From 2003 to 2004, Agnelli took over as chairman of the Fiat Group. Compared to the past, he decided to change his strategy by concentrating all Fiat resources on the car and turning to an external manager, Giuseppe Morchio, to whom he would entrust the leadership of the company.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Agnelli family's management was described as progressive and paternalistic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Starting in the 1980s and accelerating into the 1990s, when the company was struggling,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Agnelli was the architect of Fiat's diversification.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Fiat Group controlled several Italian newspapers and publishers in addition to the Fiat car firms and Juventus. Agnelli was in the process of restoring Fiat's fortunes, following a period in which the company's balance sheet, market share, and share value had all been in decline in the company's worst financial crisis,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> when he suddenly died of lung cancer after 18 months in control.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite this, Forbes estimated that he was the world's 68th richest man with an approximate net worth of US$5.5 billion. He was a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

JuventusEdit

Elected in 1955 by a council of members, including his older brother, who was president of the club, he became the youngest person to assume the highest managerial position in the history of Juventus. His management was characterized by the signings of important players, such as John Charles and Omar Sívori, who proved to be decisive for the conquest of three Serie A championships and two consecutive Coppa Italias from 1958 to 1961.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Before he died, Agnelli was instrumental in signing Fabio Capello as Juventus coach in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also had transformed the club into a modern publicly-listed company with important investment projects.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After leaving the presidential role in 1962, Agnelli remained tied to Juventus. In 1994, he took over the management activities previously carried out by his brother, exerting greater influence on the club as honorary president during the following decade, a period in which the club won another five Serie A titles, one more Coppa Italia, four Supercoppa Italianas, one Intercontinental Cup, one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Intertoto Cup and one UEFA Super Cup, for a total of 19 trophies in 18 years. By virtue of the sporting successes achieved during his managerial sporting career, Agnelli was jointly inducted by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) and the Coverciano Football Museum Foundation into the Italian Football Hall of Fame in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1999, Juventus improved their own record of having won all five major UEFA competitions by winning the Intertoto Cup, the next year was voted the seventh best of the FIFA Club of the Century and in 2009 was placed by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics second in the European best club of the 20th-century ranking, the highest for an Italian club in both; by the early 2000s, the club had the third best revenue in Europe at over €200 million. This all changed when, three years after his death, Calciopoli controversially hit the club,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which was demoted to Serie B for the first time in its history, despite the club being acquitted and the leagues were ruled to be regular;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it was his son, Andrea Agnelli, who built the club back up in the 2010s.<ref name="Affaritaliani.it 2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When Agnelli died in 2004, Juventus had won the 2001–02 Serie A, the club's 26th scudetto, at the last matchday,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and had reached the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, the club's four UEFA Champions League final in seven years, three of which were achieved consecutively; those in 1997, against Borussia Dortmund,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in 1998, against Real Madrid,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> were lost out controversially.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the words of Fulvio Bianchi, early 2000s Juventus were "stronger than all those that came after, and had €250 million in revenue, being at the top of Europe, and 100 sponsors. It took ten years to recover and return to the top Italians, not yet Europeans: now the club makes over €300 million, but in the meantime Real, Bayern, and the others have taken off."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some observers allege that Calciopoli and its aftermath were a dispute within Juventus and between the club's owners that came after the deaths of Umberto and Gianni Agnelli,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> including Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti who favoured Agnelli's grandson, John Elkann, over his nephew as chairman,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and wanted to get rid of Luciano Moggi, Antonio Giraudo,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Roberto Bettega, whose shares in the club increased.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Whatever their intentions, it is argued they condemned Juventus: first when Carlo Zaccone, the club's lawyer,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> agreed for relegation to Serie B and point-deduction, when he made that statement because Juventus were the only club risking more than one-division relegation (Serie C), and he meant for Juventus (the sole club to be ultimately demoted) to have equal treatment with the other clubs;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and then when Luca Cordero di Montezemolo retired the club's appeal to the Regional Administrative Court of Lazio,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which could have cleared the club's name and avoid relegation, after FIFA threatened to suspend the FIGC from international play,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a renounce for which then-FIFA president Sepp Blatter was thankful.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Several observers, including former FIGC president Franco Carraro, argue that had Agnelli been alive, things would have done different, as the club and its directors would have been defended properly, which could have avoided relegation and cleared the club's name much earlier than the Calciopoli trials of the 2010s. It is argued that Agnelli would have taken the same position as his son, but much harder.<ref name="Affaritaliani.it 2022"/> Moggi, one of the two Juventus directors involved in the scandal,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> said that Calciopoli only happened because "l'Avvocato Agnelli and il Dottor Umberto died",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and had the two Agnellis not died, "nothing [of this farce] would have happened."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to observers, Juventus was weak after the deaths of the Agnelli, with Moggi saying this "made us orphans and weak, it was easy to attack Juve and destroy them by making things up."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to critics, Juventus bothered because they won too much under Agnelli. Then-CONI president Gianni Petrucci said "a team that wins too much is harmful to their sport."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PoliticsEdit

File:Gianni e Umberto Agnelli, 1965 - san dl SAN IMG-00001296.jpg

Agnelli (right) with his older brother, Gianni Agnelli, in 1965

Politically, the Agnelli family sought to create a non-ideological, centrist political formation of Atlanticist and pro-European persuasion that sought a modernising, internationalist capitalism in contrast to the left and opposed to the populist, nationalist, or fascist right.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 1970s, Agnelli was elected a member of the Senate of the Republic for Christian Democracy (DC). This came after the DC won over a struggle in which Gianni Agnelli would be present in the Italian Republican Party list for the 1976 Italian general election, a move that could have cost them about one million votes. In turn, the DC obtained the candidacy of Agnelli as a senator, a position he held until 1979. He took his role seriously, and he held a conference of DC senators in Rome to discuss the renewal of the party; in response, he was admonished.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life and deathEdit

Agnelli's life was beset by an unusual amount of tragedy and bereavement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His father, Edoardo Agnelli, perished in an air crash when he was one year old; his mother, Virginia Bourbon del Monte, died in a car accident in 1945 when he was 11 years old.<ref name="Chapman 2004"/><ref name="Popham 2004"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His nephew, Edoardo Agnelli, committed suicide in 2000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1959, Agnelli married a cousin of his sister-in-law Marella Agnelli, the heiress Donna Antonella Bechi Piaggio, from the well-known business family of Piaggio that created Vespa, who later married a distant maternal relative of Allegra Caracciolo, Uberto Visconti di Modrone. Agnelli and Bechi Piaggio had three sons but their first, twin boys, died shortly after birth. The third son was Giovanni Alberto Agnelli,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who grew up to be the head of the maternal family-firm Piaggio, and was being groomed to succeed at Fiat but died of cancer at the age of 33 in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After he divorced from his wife, Agnelli married Donna Allegra Caracciolo di Castagneto in 1974.<ref name="Chapman 2004"/> She is the first cousin of Agnelli's sister-in-law Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto, also the wife of Agnelli's brother. The ladies come from a noble family dating back to the Kingdom of Naples that has, among others, the titles of nobility of Prince of Castagneto and Duke of Melito. From his second marriage came two children, who were named Andrea (born 1975) and Anna (born 1977).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His son, Andrea Agnelli, later followed in his footsteps by becoming chairman of Juventus in 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Suffering from lung cancer, which became public only a month before his death after a Financial Times report,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Agnelli spent his last days assisted by his wife and two children at their residence in La Mandria,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which included La Mandria Regional Park, in the Venaria Reale area, where he died on 27 May 2004,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> fifteen days before the death of his nephew, Prince Egon von Fürstenberg. His last public appearance had taken place on 26 April, when his wife was awarded an honorary degree in veterinary medicine by the University of Turin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Agnelli's worsening health conditions prevented him from attending the Fiat shareholders' meeting on 11 May.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

HonoursEdit

File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 27 December 1967.<ref name="Zatterin 2003">Template:Cite news</ref>
File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg Officer Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 1969.<ref name="Zatterin 2003"/>
File:Grande ufficiale OMRI BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 2 June 1972.<ref name="Zatterin 2003"/>
File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 1Class BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1996.<ref name="Zatterin 2003"/>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Agnelli, Umberto at Dizionario Biografico degli italiani by Giuseppe Berta, published by the Institute of the Italian Encyclopaedia in 2013 (in Italian)
Geneall.net (in Italian)
Umberto Agnelli at Encyclopaedia Britannica (in English)
Umberto Agnelli & family – entry list of The World's Billionaires at Forbes (in English)
Umberto Agnelli (Losanna 1934 – Torino 2004) at MuseoTorino (in Italian)
Umberto Agnelli at Senato.it (in Italian)

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