University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
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The Temerty Faculty of Medicine (previously Faculty of Medicine) is the medical school of the University of Toronto. Founded in 1843, the faculty is based in Downtown Toronto and is one of Canada's oldest institutions of medical studies, being known for the discovery of insulin, stem cells and the site of the first single and double lung transplants in the world.
HistoryEdit
The University of King’s College Medical School, the precursor to the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843. The University of Toronto itself formed in 1849 following the passage of the Baldwin Act which removed the University from the control of the Anglican Church.<ref name=Shorter>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1853, the United Provinces of Canada legislature, on the ostensible grounds of public sentiment, opposed state aid for the profession of medicine and abolished the medical school at the University of Toronto.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> As a consequence of the Hincks University Bill, the University of Toronto was reduced to only having a supervisory role in medical education being responsible for administering examinations and conferring degrees.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
The decision on the part of the legislature opened the way for private medical schools called proprietary schools to develop in Toronto. In 1850, the Upper Canada School of Medicine formed.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1851, this school became the medical faculty of the University of Trinity College.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> Trinity closed in 1856 and was reopened in 1871.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> John Rolph opened a school in 1843 which was renamed the Toronto School of Medicine in 1851.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> This would later become the Victoria University of Medicine in 1854.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> The Victoria School of Medicine would collapse in 1874 and students would go to the new Toronto School of Medicine.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> This version of the Toronto School of Medicine was re-opened by professors in 1856 without John Rolph and became affiliated with the University of Toronto.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> The Women’s Medical College was founded 1 October 1883. It was affiliated with Trinity Medical College. In 1890, the institution moved and became connected with the University of Toronto with students being able to write exams at either institution.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> Under the provisions of the bill of 1853, the University of Toronto was responsible for licensing the medical graduates of these colleges. The University of Toronto would administer examinations and confer a Bachelor of Medicine degree to those who proved competent.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
The two main proprietary schools that educated future physicians were the Toronto School of Medicine and the Trinity School of Medicine. Both schools were successful and were able to expand their facilities and attract more students.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> However, a point of criticism from detractors was that these schools were not able to provide a proper education in the sciences. Science was at the forefront of the change in universities’ pedagogic shift to centres of research and knowledge dissemination.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> Laboratories and experiments were integral to this shift and the expense associated with providing for these in a medical education was not something that the proprietary schools could bear.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1868, the government of Ontario cut off grants to medical schools. Reliant solely on tuition fees, the schools could not provide the necessary resources needed for the increasing focus on science.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1878, the University of Toronto Senate set more demanding standards for their examinations which led to a decline in students seeking their degrees at the University. In 1883, only ten students passed the exams.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
The University Federation Act of 1887 brought the medical faculty back to life. The Toronto School of Medicine amalgamated with University of Toronto to form the Faculty of Medicine.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> While initially reticent, the Toronto School of Medicine was not able to offer the same level of scientific education and research abilities as the University of Toronto. Once the Toronto School of Medicine was absorbed its buildings were used by the University of Toronto and the Faculty of Medicine was established with 29 members from both institutions.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> Under William Thomas Aikins, the Dean of the re-founded faculty from 1887 to 1893, rapid changes in education resulted in science being taught and new technologies being used in the education of medical students.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1889, the University of Toronto built a new biology building with it to also serve in the teaching of medicine. An 1891 expansion led to the top floor being used for the dissection of cadavers. Lectures were given in this building while clinical work was done at the Toronto General Hospital.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> The Toronto General Hospital also featured laboratory facilities available to the medical students.<ref name=Shorter></ref>
Trinity School of Medicine became Trinity Medical College in 1888.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> While successful, with laboratories and varied teaching facilities, the importance of research and inability for it to compete made its position untenable.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> In 1902, Trinity began discussions to be absorbed in the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> Talks were completed in July 1903 when the charter of the medical college was surrendered to Toronto.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> At this time, a new medical building was constructed at the University of Toronto called the New Laboratories building that included laboratories with removable partitions to increase and decrease class sizes. When completed in 1904, a celebration was held to mark the occasion and the amalgamation of the University of Toronto and Trinity College.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
The Women’s Medical College was not included in the plans and continued as a separate institution. Following the report of the Royal Commission on the University the Women’s Medical College was absorbed into the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref>
The 1910 Flexner Report on the state of medical education in the United States and Canada, which led to the closures of many medical schools across the continent, nonetheless singled out a select few medical schools for praise, among them Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. Flexner praised the "high quality of instruction" offered at Toronto and noted that its equipment was "among the best on the continent”.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Faculty, in partnership with the University of Toronto Mississauga and Trillium Health Partners<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> opened the Mississauga Academy of Medicine in August 2011 with 54 first-year students. As of 2014, the academy has a total of 216 students enrolled in the four-year program. The new facility is located across two floors inside the new Terrence Donnelly Health Sciences Complex and provides brand new classrooms, seminar rooms, computer facilities, learning spaces and laboratories.<ref name=academy>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Students are provided with fully equipped student lounge and outdoor terrace to relax and socialize. Students are able to share lectures and learning experiences both inside and outside the classroom through advanced technologies.<ref name=academy />
In 2022, the Ontario government announced that University of Toronto Scarborough would provide medical training as well. The campus will offer 30 undergraduate seats and 45 postgraduate positions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CurriculumEdit
In 2016, the Faculty of Medicine implemented the new Foundations Curriculum, moving away from the traditional lecture based style of teaching based on anatomy, physiology, pathology and pharmacology and into a case-based learning approach with early clinical exposure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Doctor of Medicine program at the University of Toronto is a 4-year MD program with a total enrollment of about 850 students. For the 2026 admission year the Faculty of Medicine will admit 303 students.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first two years are known as the preclerkship curriculum, during which M.D. candidates acquire the basic biomedical and human anatomy knowledge. The principles of medical ethics, professionalism and medical jurisprudence are also taught in preclerkship. The final two years form the clerkship curriculum that takes place in hospitals and ambulatory clinics. The core clerkship rotations cover the essential medical specialties: surgery and internal medicine, psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, family medicine, ambulatory experience, neurology, emergency medicine, anesthesia, ophthalmology, otolaryngology and dermatology. Additional rotations are devoted to elective clerkships that provide training in subdisciplines within the major specialities.
In 2018, the average accepted undergraduate weighted GPA was 3.96 (on the University of Toronto Weighted GPA (wGPA) Formula) and the median score in the numerically graded sections of the MCAT was 11.<ref>Henheffer, Tom. "Canada’s Best Professional Schools: Where did you go, Marcus Welby?". MacleansSeptember 17, 2009</ref> In the 2023/2024 admission cycle the average cGPA (cumulative GPA) of accepted students was 3.95.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The University of Toronto is one of only a few programs in Canada to accept international students through its admission process. The faculty also offers the MD/PhD degree jointly with University of Toronto doctoral programs, in addition to other degrees of Master of Science, master of public health, master of health science, doctor of philosophy, and post-doctoral fellowships.
Departments, hospitals and researchEdit
The Faculty of Medicine is subdivided into 26 separate departments: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Family and Community Medicine, Immunology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Medical Biophysics, Medical Imaging, the Institute of Medical Science, Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Nutritional Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Paediatrics, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Physical Therapy, Physiology, Psychiatry, Radiation Oncology, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Speech-Language Pathology and Surgery.
The Faculty of Medicine is also the only medical school in the Greater Toronto Area and operates a health network that comprises twelve teaching hospitals with significant emphasis on tertiary care, including medical treatment, research and advisory services to patients and clients from Canada and abroad.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Faculty houses Biosafety level 3 facilities.<ref name="tbsl3">Template:Cite news</ref>
The faculty is associated with two level 1 adult trauma centres, a multi-organ transplant hospital, a pediatric hospital, a psychiatric hospital, a geriatric hospital, four rehabilitation institutes and several general hospitals.
The teaching hospitals are arranged in four hospital networks, which are the University Health Network, Unity Health Toronto, the Sinai Health System, the Trillium Health Partners, as well as three major teaching hospitals outside of the system, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Women's College Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children.
- The University Health Network consists of three specialized hospitals: Toronto General Hospital for cardiology and organ transplants; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre for oncology as the home of the Ontario Cancer Institute; and Toronto Western Hospital for neuroscience and musculoskeletal health.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Unity Health Toronto consists of St Michael's Hospital, an adult hospital and trauma center, Providence Healthcare, a rehabilitation institute and St. Joseph's Health Centre, a community teaching hospital.
- Sinai Health System consists of Mount Sinai Hospital, a general hospital and Bridgepoint Active Healthcare, a rehabilitation institute.
- Trillium Health Partners consists of Mississauga Hospital, a general hospital, Credit Valley Hospital, community teaching hospital,
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre is an adult hospital with regional cancer and trauma centres.
- Women's College Hospital is an ambulatory hospital focused on women's health.
- The Hospital for Sick Children is the pediatric medical centre specializing in treatments for childhood diseases and injuries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Rotations may also involve community teaching hospitals, which include North York General Hospital, St. Joseph's Health Centre, Michael Garron Hospital, Scarborough General Hospital, Credit Valley Hospital and Markham Stouffville Hospital.
Collaborations with industryEdit
MaRS Discovery District is an affiliated corporation that was established to help commercialize the faculty's life science and medical research through partnerships with private enterprises.
On April 7, 2022, the University of Toronto announced a partnership with American biotechnology company Moderna intended to develop new tools to prevent and treat infectious diseases, collaborating with researchers in the fields of molecular genetics, biomedical engineering, and biochemistry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The collaboration is a joint venture across U of T's Faculties of Applied Science and Engineering and Medicine.
ReputationEdit
In 2023 the school was ranked 4th in the world for clinical medicine and surgery by U.S. News & World Report.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was also ranked 5th in the world for pre-clinical, clinical and health by The Times Higher Education in its 2022 listings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Historically, it was ranked 13th in the world for medicine by the QS World Ranking.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020 the school was ranked 15th in the world Academic Ranking of World Universities for clinical medicine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
While not exclusively regarding the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, in 2023, NATURE ranked the University of Toronto 3rd in the world for Health sciences <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable alumniEdit
- Jennie Smillie Robertson, class of 1909: First female surgeon in Canada
- Maud Menten, class of 1911: developed the mathematics of enzyme kinetics with Leonor Michaelis
- Theodore Drake, class of 1914: pediatrician and inventor of the baby food Pablum
- Norman Bethune, class of 1916: physician, humanitarian and medical innovator
- Frederick Banting, class of 1916, and Charles Best, class of 1925: Co-discoverers of insulin with professor of physiology John Macleod
- Gladys Boyd, class of 1918: pediatrician, pioneer in treatment of juvenile diabetes
- Victoria Chung, class of 1922: medical missionary and first Canadian of Chinese descent to graduate from medical school in Canada
- Jessie Gray, class of 1934, and professor of clinical surgery: Canada's "First Lady of Surgery", lecturer, and researcher
- Wilfred Gordon Bigelow, class of 1938: Developed the artificial pacemaker and the use of hypothermia in open heart surgery
- Tom Pashby, class of 1940: ophthalmologist and sport safety advocate, Order of Canada, Canada's Sport Hall of Fame<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Gordon Bell, class of 1943: pioneered treatment of alcohol addiction in Canada and invented the alco-dial, a device to estimate blood alcohol levels.
- Henry J. M. Barnett, class of 1944: pioneered use of aspirin as a preventive therapy for heart attack and stroke
- Robert B. Salter, class of 1947: developed the continuous passive motion (CPM) treatment to aid recovery of joints after trauma
- William Thornton Mustard, class of 1947: pediatric cardiac surgeon, developer of the Mustard procedure
- Ernest McCulloch, class of 1948: cellular biologist and Lasker Award recipient credited with the discovery of the stem cell
- Shaf Keshavjee, class of 1985: transplant surgeon and ex-vivo lung transplant pioneer
- C. Miller Fisher, class of 1938: described lacunar strokes and identified transient ischemic attacks as stroke precursors.
- Daniel J. Drucker OC, FRS, class of 1980: University Professor of medicine, research endocrinologist; his discoveries regarding the GLP family of hormones revolutionized treatment of diabetes
Notable past or present facultyEdit
- John E. Dick, professor of molecular genetics: Identified the cancer stem cell
- Brenda Andrews, professor at the Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research and researcher
- Anthony Pawson, professor of molecular and medical genetics, 1985–2013: Researcher in signal transduction
- Tirone E. David, professor of surgery, Developed valve-sparing aortic root replacement
- Lap-Chee Tsui, professor of genetics, 1983–2002: Former vice-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong and president of Human Genome Organisation
- Stephen Scherer, University Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics. Scherer's discoveries led to the initial description of genome-wide copy number variations (CNVs). He founded Canada's first human genome centre, the Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG) at the Hospital for Sick Children.
- Tak Wah Mak, professor of medical biophysics, 1975–: Discovered the T-cell receptor
- James Till, professor of medical biophysics, 1958–97: Academic on Internet research ethics
- William Boyd, professor of pathology, 1937–1951, Author of important pathology textbooks
- John C. Boileau Grant, professor of anatomy, 1930–56, Author of notable anatomy textbooks
- Dafna D. Gladman, professor of medicine and Senior Scientist, Krembil Research Institute, noted for research on psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis
- Vivek Rao, cardiac surgeon and medical researcher, Munk Chair in Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, and Senior Scientist in the Division of Experimental Therapeutics at the Toronto General Research Institute
- Toshimasa Takahashi, visiting professor of medicine since November 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Noted for Identified novel actions GLP-1 receptor agonists.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Michael Bliss. The Discovery of Insulin. University of Chicago Press, 1982.
- Michael Bliss. Banting: A Biography. University of Toronto Press, 1992.
- Marianne Fedunkiw. Rockefeller Foundation Funding and Medical Education in Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007.
- Ernest McCulloch. The Ontario Cancer Institute: Successes and Reverses at Sherbourne Street. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003.
External linksEdit
- University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine – Official website
- University of Toronto Medical Society – Medical Student Society (MedSoc)
- Archival papers of Gordon A. Bates, student of the faculty and representative of the University of Toronto Medical Society (ca 1907), held at the University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services
- Archival papers of Bernhard Cinader, who established of the Department of Immunology at the Faculty of Medicine, are held at University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services
- Archival papers of James Arnold Dauphinee, Head of the Department of Pathological Chemistry in 1947, are held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
- Archival papers of Donald Thomas Fraser, Professor at the Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (1920-1954), and Frieda Helen Fraser, Professor at the Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (1928-1965), are held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
- Archival papers of Thomas P. Morley, Professor (1953-1985), are held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
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