Uruguay River
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox river
The Uruguay River (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a major river in South America. It flows from north to south and forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, separating some of the Argentine provinces of La Mesopotamia from the other two countries. It passes between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil; forms the eastern border of the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Ríos in Argentina; and makes up the western borders of the departments of Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro, Soriano and Colonia in Uruguay.
EtymologyEdit
The name of the river tends to comes from the Spanish settlers' interpretation of the Guaraní language word the inhabitants of the region used to designate it. There are several interpretations, including "the river of the uru (an indigenous bird)", and "[river of] the uruguá" (an indigenous gastropod, Pomella megastoma).<ref>El País newspaper: Presentan tesis del nombre Uruguay Template:Webarchive, Template:In lang Retrieved 21 November 2014.</ref>
CourseEdit
The river measures about Template:Convert in length and starts in the Serra do Mar in Brazil,<ref>Rio Uruguay</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOCIÊNCIAS – ZOOLOGIA</ref><ref name=cprm/><ref>The fish fauna of two tributaries of the passo fundo river, uruguay river basin, rio grande do sul, brazil</ref> where the Canoas River and the Pelotas River are joined, at about Template:Convert above mean sea level. At this stage, the river goes through uneven, broken terrain, forming rapids and falls. Its course through Rio Grande do Sul is not navigable.
An unusual feature of the Uruguay River is a submerged canyon. This canyon formed during the Ice Age, when the climate was drier and the river was narrower. Its depth is up to Template:Convert below the bottom of the river channel and it is one-eighth to one-third as wide as the river.<ref name=cprm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=wondermondo/> The canyon is only visible in two places, one of which is the Moconá Falls (also called the Yucumã Falls). However, the falls are not visible for 150 days per year and become more like rapids when they are not visible. Unlike most waterfalls, the Moconá Falls are parallel to the river, not perpendicular. The falls are Template:Convert to Template:Convert high and between Template:Convert and Template:Convert wide. They are Template:Convert from the mouth of the river.<ref name=cprm/><ref name=wondermondo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Template:Convert Turvo State Park, created in 1947, protects the Brazilian side of the falls.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Together with the Paraná River, the Uruguay forms the Río de la Plata estuary. It is navigable from around Salto Chico. Its main tributary is the Río Negro, which is born in the south of Brazil and goes through Uruguay for 500 km until its confluence with the Uruguay River, which is located 100 km north of the Uruguay's confluence with the Río de la Plata, in Punta Gorda, Colonia Department, Uruguay.
The river is crossed by five international bridges called (from north to south): Integration Bridge and Paso de los Libres-Uruguaiana International Bridge, between Argentina and Brazil; and the Salto Grande Bridge, General Artigas Bridge and Libertador General San Martín Bridge between Argentina and Uruguay.
The drainage basin of the Uruguay River has an area of Template:Cvt.<ref name=varis>Template:Cite book</ref> Its main economic use is the generation of hydroelectricity and it is dammed in its lower portion by the Salto Grande Dam and by the Itá Dam upstream in Brazil.
DischargeEdit
Average monthly discharge at Salto Grande:
| Year | Average discharge (m3/s) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JAN | FEB | MAR | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | NOV | DEC | Average | ||
| 2014 | 4,652 | 3,858 | 3,910 | 4,277 | 7,104 | 8,332 | 16,199 | 5,065 | 7,298 | 12,873 | 5,862 | 6,241 | 7,139.2 | |
| 2015 | 13,471 | 4,543 | 3,622 | 2,450 | 2,450 | 5,945 | 11,865 | 7,855 | 3,731 | 14,948 | 13,155 | 18,559 | 8,549.5 | |
| 2016 | 10,690 | 5,206 | 4,569 | 13,535 | 6,758 | 4,204 | 5,609 | 3,098 | 3,947 | 6,937 | 6,931 | 2,630 | 6,176.2 | |
| 2017 | 6,231 | 4,885 | 5,680 | 8,712 | 13,748 | 21,136 | 3,684 | 5,865 | 5,801 | 7,537 | 3,588 | 1,971 | 7,399 | |
| 2018 | 3,086 | 2,902 | 2,397 | 3,137 | 5,355 | 2,784 | 4,057 | 2,478 | 6,071 | 8,208 | 8,044 | 6,714 | 4,602.7 | |
| 2019 | 16,384 | 4,850 | 5,264 | 3,647 | 10,389 | 6,650 | 4,066 | 4,395 | 2,549 | 4,066 | 8,687 | 3,628 | 5,774.7 | |
| 2020 | 1,459 | 1,679 | 831 | 581 | 2,315 | 5,056 | 7,318 | 3,893 | 3,418 | 1,785 | 700 | 2,079 | 2,592.8 | |
| 2021 | 5,570 | 939 | 1,734 | 1,724 | 4,589 | 4,975 | 2,017 | 1,801 | 4,499 | 4,373 | 1,229 | 1,283 | 2,894.4 | |
| 2022 | 5,665 | 986 | 6,363 | 9,211 | 10,098 | 2,896 | 2,513 | 482 | 472 | 7,671 | 2,035 | 7,105 | 4,624.7 | |
| 2023 | 569 | 677 | 1,435 | 1,082 | 2,707 | 9,778 | 6,388 | 3,451 | 11,210 | 16,536 | 22,898 | 14,101 | 7,569.3 | |
| 2024 | 7,714 | 3,384 | 2,826 | 9,473 | 18,397 | 8,339 | 7,815 | 5,382 | 4,260 | 3,056 | 1,923 | 1,882 | 6,204.3 | |
| Source: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica<ref name="Síntesis del Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||||||||||
Mean annual discharge at Salto Grande, (Template:Coord):<ref name="Síntesis del Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The Flood Observatory">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Bar chart Multiannual average discharge:<ref name="Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the La Plata Basin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Bar chart
TributariesEdit
The main tributaries from the mouth:
| Left
tributary |
Right
tributary |
Length
(km) |
Basin size
(km2) |
Average discharge
(m3/s)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uruguay | 1,838 | 353,451 | 7,562.4 | |||
| Lower Uruguay | ||||||
| San Salvador | 100 | 3,072.1 | 52.5 | |||
| Negro | 903 | 71,154 | 952.1 | |||
| Guale-guaychú | 268 | 6,935.8 | 84 | |||
| Arroyo Negro | 2,271.2 | 37.9 | ||||
| Queguay Grande | 280 | 8,596 | 157.7 | |||
| Daymán | 210 | 3,415 | 63.3 | |||
| Middle Uruguay | ||||||
| Arroyo Itapebí Grande | 1,042.2 | 19.1 | ||||
| Arapey Grande | 240 | 11,996 | 234.9 | |||
| Arroyo Yacuy | 1,089.5 | 20.6 | ||||
| Mocoretá | 140 | 3,783.3 | 59.3 | |||
| Cuareim | 351 | 14,641 | 326.5 | |||
| Miriñay | 285 | 12,473.6 | 168.2 | |||
| Arroio Touro Passo | 991.9 | 22.7 | ||||
| Guaviraví | 1,765.8 | 34.7 | ||||
| Ibicuí | 673 | 47,203.4 | 1,113.1 | |||
| Aguapey | 310 | 7,088.2 | 163.6 | |||
| Icamaquã | 250 | 4,886.7 | 132.3 | |||
| Piratini | 120 | 5,611 | 152.4 | |||
| Ijuí | 300 | 10,794 | 307 | |||
| Comandaí | 199 | 1,418 | 40 | |||
| Santo Cristo | 121.7 | 899.2 | 24.2 | |||
| Santa Rosa | 185.1 | 1,401.5 | 38.9 | |||
| Buricá | 195.5 | 2,356.2 | 66.4 | |||
| Arroyo Soberbio | 133.1 | 1,084.7 | 23.7 | |||
| Turvo | 247.1 | 1,877.7 | 53.2 | |||
| Arroyo
Yabotí |
2,002.4 | 53.4 | ||||
| Upper Uruguay | ||||||
| Pepiri | 180 | 2,345.6 | 74.4 | |||
| Guarita | 242 | 2,234 | 66.8 | |||
| Rio das | 194 | 2,706.1 | 81.7 | |||
| Rio da Várzea | 165 | 5,480.5 | 183.8 | |||
| Chapecó | 248 | 8,364.1 | 284.1 | |||
| Passo Fundo | 200 | 4,055 | 135.7 | |||
| Irani | 223 | 1,586.5 | 50.1 | |||
| Jacutinga | 168 | 1,003.2 | 29.8 | |||
| Peixe | 299 | 5,286.8 | 143.7 | |||
| Apauê | 210 | 3,729.8 | 124.7 | |||
| Inhandava | 181.7 | 2,406 | 73.5 | |||
| Pelotas | 437 | 13,378.4 | 343.5 | |||
| Canoas | 572 | 14,883.7 | 308.8 | |||
| Source:<ref name="Parana (La Plata)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the La Plata Basin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
* Period: 1971–2000
Cellulose plant conflictEdit
Template:More citations needed section {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Argentina and Uruguay experienced a conflict over the construction of pulp mills on the Uruguay River. Two European companies, ENCE and Botnia, proposed building cellulose processing plants at Fray Bentos, Uruguay, opposite Gualeguaychú, Argentina. According to a 1975 treaty, Argentina and Uruguay were supposed to jointly agree on matters relating to the Uruguay River.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Argentina alleged that Uruguay broke the treaty. Additionally, Argentina believed the Finnish company Botnia was polluting the fish and the overall environment of the river while Uruguay believed that the plant was not depositing a large amount of toxins in the Uruguay River.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Starting in April 2005, residents of Gualeguaychú, as well as many others, protested, claiming that the plants would pollute the river shared by the two countries. Early in 2006, the conflict escalated into a diplomatic crisis,Template:Citation needed compelling one of the companies move the project Template:Convert south. Beginning in December 2005, the international bridges linking the Argentine province of Entre Ríos with Uruguay were intermittently blockaded by Argentine protesters, causing major disruptions in commercial traffic and tourism.
In 2006, Argentina brought the dispute before the International Court of Justice. The ICJ completed hearings between Argentina and Uruguay regarding the dispute on October 2, 2009. In 2010, the court ruled that although Uruguay failed to inform Argentina of the construction of the pulp mills, the mills did not pollute the river, so closing the remaining pulp mill would be unjustified. Later in 2010, Argentina and Uruguay created a joint commission to coordinate activities on the river.
Links across the UruguayEdit
The course of the Uruguay is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream: