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W. Arthur Lewis

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Sir William Arthur Lewis (23 January 1915 – 15 June 1991) was a Saint Lucian economist and the James Madison Professor of Political Economy at Princeton University.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lewis was known for his contributions in the field of economic development. In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

BiographyEdit

Arthur Lewis was born in Castries, Saint Lucia, then still part of the British Windward Islands federal colony, the fourth of the five sons of George Ferdinand and Ida Lewis (the others being Stanley, Earl, Allen and Victor).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Sir Arthur Lewis Institute" /> His parents had migrated from Antigua shortly after the turn of the century.<ref name=nobel/> George Lewis died when Arthur was seven years old and his brothers aged from five to 17, leaving Ida to raise her five children alone.<ref name="Nobel biographical">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age.<ref name=tignor78>Template:Cite book</ref> After finishing school when he was 14 years old, Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to be old enough to sit the examination for a government scholarship to a British university, which would be in 1932.<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> During this time he began a lifelong friendship with Eric Williams, the future first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=tignor1113>Tignor, pp. 11–13.</ref>

Lewis's initial career choice was to become an engineer, "but this seemed pointless since neither the government nor the white firms would employ a black engineer," as he later said: "Eventually I decided to study business administration, planning to return to St. Lucia for a job in the municipal service or in private trade. I would simultaneously study law to fall back on if nothing administrative turned up."<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> At the age of 18, he earned the government scholarship to attend the London School of Economics (LSE), becoming the first black individual to gain acceptance there. While enrolled to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree ("which offered accounting, business management, commercial law and a little economics and statistics") in 1933,<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> he would achieve similar success as he did at grade school. While at LSE, he studied under John Hicks, Arnold Plant, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek.

After Lewis graduated in 1937 with first-class honours, LSE gave him a scholarship to read for a PhD in industrial economics,<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> under the supervision of Arnold Plant.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lewis would become the first black faculty member at LSE:<ref name=Independent>Template:Cite news</ref> in 1938 he was given a teaching appointment, and in 1939 was made an Assistant Lecturer,<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> continuing to work as a member of the LSE staff until 1948.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1947, Lewis married Gladys Jacobs,<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> and that year he was selected as a lecturer at the Victoria University of Manchester, and moved there with his family, becoming Britain's first black lecturer. In 1948, at the age of 33, he was made a full professor.<ref name="Nobel biographical" /> He taught at Manchester until 1957.<ref name=Manchester>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from their European colonizers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Citation needed

Lewis served as an economic advisor to numerous African and Caribbean governments, including Nigeria, Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and Barbados. When Ghana (where in 1929 his eldest brother Stanley had settled)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> gained independence in 1957, Lewis was appointed as the country's first economic advisor. He helped draw up its first Five-Year Development Plan (1959–1963).<ref>Brenton, Felix, "Sir (William) Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)", Black Past website.</ref>

In 1959, Lewis returned to the Caribbean region when appointed Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1963, he was knighted by the British government for his achievements and for his contributions to economics. That year, he was also appointed Professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University – the first black instructor to be given a full professorship<ref name=Independent /> – and subsequently held the position of James Madison Professor of Political Economics.<ref name="Caribbean Elections">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1966, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also served from 1966 to 1973 he served as Chancellor of the University of Guyana.<ref name="Caribbean Elections" /> Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. Lewis helped to establish the Caribbean Development Bank and in 1970 he was selected as its first president, serving in that capacity until 1973.<ref>"Sir Wm. Arthur Lewis: President 1970–1973" Template:Webarchive, Caribbean Development Bank.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lewis received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979, sharing it with Theodore Schultz, "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries".<ref name=nobel>"The Sverige's Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979", Nobel in Economics, 1979. Retrieved 5 January 2011.</ref>

Lewis died on 15 June 1991 in Bridgetown, Barbados, aged 76. He was buried in the grounds of the St. Lucian community college named in his honour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

In 1947, Lewis married Grenada-born Gladys Jacobs, with whom he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Barbara.<ref name="Nobel biographical" />

Key worksEdit

Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939)Edit

Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Worker's Movement, first published by the Fabian Society in 1939, was an account of the 1930s labour movement in the Caribbean. It remained the only work published on the Caribbean-wide movement and the Labour Rebellions in the English-speaking Caribbean for decades. The book was republished by John La Rose and Sarah White at New Beacon Books in February 1978.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lewis is now characterised as "among the earliest proponents of Reparations for the former West Indies for Britain's colonial wrongs" because of the ideas he put forward in this work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The "Lewis model"Edit

Template:See also Lewis published in 1954 what was to be his most influential development economics article, "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour" (Manchester School).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In this publication, he introduced what came to be called the dual sector model, or the "Lewis model".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Lewis combined an analysis of the historical experience of developed countries with the central ideas of the classical economists to produce a broad picture of the development process. In his theory, a "capitalist" sector develops by taking labour from a non-capitalist backward "subsistence" sector. The subsistence sector is governed by informal institutions and social norms so that producers do not maximize profits and workers can be paid above their marginal product. At an early stage of development, the "unlimited" supply of labour from the subsistence economy means that the capitalist sector can expand for some time without the need to raise wages. This results in higher returns to capital, which are reinvested in capital accumulation. In turn, the increase in the capital stock leads the "capitalists" to expand employment by drawing further labour from the subsistence sector. Given the assumptions of the model (for example, that the profits are reinvested and that capital accumulation does not substitute for skilled labour in production), the process becomes self-sustaining and leads to modernization and economic development.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Leeson>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The point at which the excess labour in the subsistence sector is fully absorbed into the modern sector, and where further capital accumulation begins to push the balance of power towards labour (thus increasing wages) in both capitalist and subsistence sectors, is sometimes called the Lewisian turning point. It has recently been widely discussed in the context of economic development in China.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Work building on Lewis's analysis has shown that productivity gains in the areas formerly occupied by the subsistence sector (e.g. agriculture) can offset some of the labour demand.<ref name="economic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)Edit

In his 1955 book, The Theory of Economic Growth, Lewis sought to "provide an appropriate framework for studying economic development", driven by a combination of "curiosity and of practical need."<ref name=Leeson/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the Industrial Revolution, England was experiencing the worst economic turmoil of its time. It would not be until an economic enlightenment took place that cities began to shift towards factories and labour-intensive methods of production as they experienced giant shifts in the labour and agriculture markets, thus, eventually leading to higher production, and higher income. Lewis theorized if England could turn its misfortune around, the same could be done for developing countries around the world. His theories proved true for some countries such as Nigeria and Barbados, as they would see some economic development.Template:Citation needed

Politics in West Africa (1965)Edit

In his 1965 book, Politics in West Africa, Lewis examines the weakness of opposition parties in West African states. He criticizes the majoritarian winner-takes-all model of politics, arguing that while it may work in European and American contexts, it cannot in the context of many African states. The reason for this is that African states are divided on linguistic and tribal lines, making it hard for peaceful co-existence between groups when one group controls the central government. Lewis argues powersharing needs to be facilitated, which he argues can be best done through proportional representation, federalism and coalition governments. Democracy can be maintained through institutional design more suited to the cleavages of African states.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Selected bibliographyEdit

  • Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939). Reprinted, with Afterword by Susan Craig, London: New Beacon Books, 1978.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • The Principles of Economic Planning (1949)
  • The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)
  • Politics in West Africa (1965). Allen and Unwin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0" />
  • Development Planning (1966)
  • Tropical Development 1880–1913 (1971)
  • Growth and Fluctuations 1870–1913 (1978)

Selected awards and honoursEdit

LegacyEdit

File:East caribbean states eccb 100 dollars 2019.00.00 b244 pnl ad 000000 r.jpg
Portrait of Lewis on the East Caribbean dollar $100 bill

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  • The Arthur Lewis Building (opened in 2007) at the University of Manchester was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions.<ref name=Manchester />
  • The Arthur Lewis Lectures are held annually at the University of Manchester, having begun in 2015, the centenary of his birth.<ref name=Lectures>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • A newly titled London School of Economics building was unveiled in a ceremony attended by Sir Arthur Lewis’ family, including his daughter and granddaughter, and the High Commissioner for St Lucia on Thursday 23 March 2023. Formerly known as 32 Lincoln's Inn Fields (32L) the site, now called the Sir Arthur Lewis Building (SAL), is home to various departments including the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), the International Growth Centre (IGC), the Department of Economics, the Centre for Macroeconomics, and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • On 10 December 2020, the 41st anniversary of his receiving the Nobel Prize, Google celebrated the late Sir Arthur Lewis with a Google Doodle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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SourcesEdit

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  • Biography at stlucianobellaureates.org
  • Biography on the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College website
  • Breit, William, and Barry T. Hirsch (eds., 2004). Lives of the Laureates (4th edn). Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Template:Cite book 453 pp.

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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