W. T. Stead

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William Thomas Stead (5 July 1849Template:Snd15 April 1912) was an English newspaper editor who, as a pioneer of investigative journalism, became a controversial figure of the Victorian era.<ref name="attackingthedevil_c" /> Stead published a series of hugely influential campaigns whilst editor of The Pall Mall Gazette, including his 1885 series of articles, The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon. These were written in support of a bill, later dubbed the "Stead Act", that raised the age of consent from 13 to 16.<ref name="pressandpolicy.bl.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stead's "new journalism" paved the way for the modern tabloid in Great Britain.<ref name="pressandpolicy.bl.uk"/> He has been described as "the most famous journalist in the British Empire".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He is considered to have influenced how the press could be used to influence public opinion and government policy, and advocated "Government by Journalism".<ref name="oxforddnb1912">Joseph O. Baylen, "Stead, William Thomas (1849–1912)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., September 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2011.</ref> He was known for his reportage on child welfare, social legislation and reformation of England's criminal codes.

Stead died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic.<ref name="pressandpolicy.bl.uk"/>

Early lifeEdit

File:W. T. Stead child.jpg

Stead as a child

Stead was born in Embleton, Northumberland on 5 July 1849, the son of the Reverend William Stead, a poor and respected Congregational minister, and Isabella (née Jobson), a cultivated daughter of a Northumberland farmer, John Jobson of Warkworth.<ref name="oxforddnb1912"/><ref>England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JMLD-L9F : 4 February 2023), Isabella Jobson, 1824</ref><ref>"Herbert & W T Stead", Derbyshire Advertiser and Journal, 6 March 1920, p. 19.</ref> A year later the family moved to Howdon on the River Tyne,<ref name="attackingthedevil_c">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where his younger brother, Francis Herbert Stead, was born. Stead was largely educated at home by his father, and by the age of five he was already well-versed in the Holy Scriptures and is said to have been able to read Latin almost as well as he could read English.<ref name="attackingthedevil_a">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was Stead's mother who perhaps had the most lasting influence on her son's career. One of Stead's favourite childhood memories was of his mother leading a local campaign against the government's controversial Contagious Diseases Acts – which required prostitutes living in garrison towns to undergo medical examination.<ref name=autogenerated4>Template:Cite news</ref>

From 1862 to 1864, he attended Silcoates School in Wakefield until he was apprenticed to a merchant's office on the Quayside in Newcastle upon Tyne, where he became a clerk.<ref name="attackingthedevil_b">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Northern EchoEdit

Stead contributed articles to the fledgling liberal Darlington newspaper The Northern Echo from 1870 and despite his inexperience was appointed editor of the newspaper in 1871.<ref name="attackingthedevil1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Aged just 22 Stead was the youngest newspaper editor in the country.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Stead used Darlington's excellent railway connections to his advantage, increasing the newspaper's distribution to national levels.<ref name="attackingthedevil_a" /> Stead was always guided by a moral mission, influenced by his faith, and wrote to a friend that the position would be "a glorious opportunity of attacking the devil".<ref name="attackingthedevil1"/>

In 1873 he married his childhood sweetheart, Emma Lucy Wilson, the daughter of a local merchant and shipowner; they would eventually have six children.<ref name="encyclopedia-titanica1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1876 Stead joined a campaign to repeal the Contagious Diseases Act, befriending the feminist Josephine Butler. The law was repealed in 1886.<ref name=autogenerated1>Template:Cite news</ref>

He gained notoriety in 1876 for his coverage of the Bulgarian atrocities agitation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is also credited as "a major factor" in helping William Ewart Gladstone win an overwhelming majority in the 1880 general election.<ref name="oxforddnb1912"/><ref name="attackingthedevil2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Pall Mall GazetteEdit

Stead was appointed assistant editor of the Liberal Pall Mall Gazette<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |

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  }}{{#ifeq:  ||}}</ref> (a forerunner of the London Evening Standard) in 1880, and he helped transform a traditionally conservative newspaper "written by gentlemen for gentlemen".<ref name=autogenerated4 /> When its editor, John Morley, was elected to Parliament, Stead took over the role (1883–1889). When Morley was made Secretary of State for Ireland, Gladstone asked the new cabinet minister if he were confident that he could deal with that most distressful country. Morley replied that, if he could manage Stead, he could manage anything.

Over the next seven years Stead would develop what Matthew Arnold dubbed "The New Journalism".<ref name="encyclopedia-titanica1"/> His innovations as editor of the Gazette included incorporating maps and diagrams into a newspaper, breaking up longer articles with eye-catching subheadings and blending his own opinions with those of the people he interviewed.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> He made a feature of the Pall Mall extras, and his enterprise and originality exercised a potent influence on contemporary journalism and politics.<ref name="EB1911"/> Stead's first sensational campaign was based on a Nonconformist pamphlet, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London. His lurid stories of squalid life in the slums had a wholly beneficial effect on the capital. A Royal Commission recommended that the government should clear the slums and encourage low-cost housing in their place. It was Stead's first success. He also pioneered the use of the interview in British journalism—although other interviews had appeared in British papers before<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>—with his interview with General Gordon in 1884.<ref>Roland Pearsell (1969) The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality: 369</ref>

In 1884 Stead pressured the government to send his friend General Gordon to the Sudan to protect British interests in Khartoum. The eccentric Gordon disobeyed orders, and the siege of Khartoum, Gordon's death and the failure of the hugely expensive Gordon Relief Expedition amounted to one of the great imperial disasters of the period.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> After General Gordon's death in Khartoum in January 1885, Stead ran the first 24-point headline in newspaper history, ‘TOO LATE!’, bemoaning the relief force's failure to rescue a national hero.<ref name=autogenerated3>The Sunday Times (London), 13 May 2012 Sunday Edition 1; "National Edition Fleet Street's crusading villain; The Victorian editor whose love of sensationalism set the tone for the tabloids for a century Scandalmonger", 40–42.</ref>

During the following year he managed to persuade the British government to supply an additional £5.5 million to bolster weakening naval defences, after which he published a series of articles.<ref name="attackingthedevil2"/> Stead was not a hawk, instead believing Britain's strong navy was necessary to maintain world peace.<ref>Stead, Estelle (1913). My Father. (London) p. 112.</ref> He distinguished himself in his vigorous handling of public affairs and his brilliant modernity in the presentation of news.<ref name="EB1911"/> However he is also credited with originating the modern journalistic technique of creating a news event rather than just reporting it, as his most famous ‘investigation’, the Eliza Armstrong case, was to demonstrate.<ref>Roland Pearsell (1969) The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality: 367–78.</ref>

In 1886 he began a campaign against Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet, over his nominal exoneration in the Crawford scandal. The campaign ultimately contributed to Dilke's misguided attempt to clear his name and his consequent ruin. Stead employed Virginia Crawford, and she developed a career as a journalist and writer, researching for other Stead authors, but never wrote on her own case or Dilke in any way.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Eliza Armstrong caseEdit

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File:W.T. Stead 19th Precinct 1st Ward Chicago 1894 Cornell CUL PJM 1115 01.jpg

"Nineteenth Precinct, First Ward, Chicago", 1894Template:Sndmap by Stead presenting 37 brothels, 46 saloons, 11 pawnbrokers

In 1885, in the wake of Josephine Butler's fight for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, Stead entered upon a crusade against child prostitution by publishing a series of four articles entitled ‘The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon’. As part of his investigation he arranged the ‘purchase’ of Eliza Armstrong, the 13-year-old daughter of a chimney sweep. In his subsequent articles Stead referred to Eliza as "Lily." Her real name came out during Stead's trial for procuring.<ref name="Armstrong Case on Google">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first of his four articles was trailed with a warning guaranteed to make the Pall Mall Gazette sell out. Copies changed hands for 20 times their original value and the office was besieged by 10,000 members of the public.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The popularity of the articles was so great that the Gazette's supply of paper ran out and had to be replenished with supplies from the rival Globe.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

Though his action is thought to have furthered the passing of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, his successful demonstration of the existence of the trade led to his conviction for abduction and a three-month term of imprisonment at Coldbath Fields and Holloway prisons. He was convicted on technical grounds that he had failed to first secure permission for the ‘purchase’ from the girl's father.

The ‘Maiden Tribute’ campaign was the high point in Stead's career in daily journalism.<ref name="oxforddnb1912"/> The series inspired George Bernard Shaw to write Pygmalion and to name his lead character Eliza.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Another of the characters described, the ‘Minotaur of London’, has been suggested as having inspired Jekyll and Hyde.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Review of Reviews and other venturesEdit

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Stead in 1881

Stead resigned his editorship of the Pall Mall in 1889 in order to found the Review of Reviews (1890) with Sir George Newnes. It was a highly successful non-partisan monthly.<ref name="oxforddnb1912"/> The journal found a global audience and was intended to bind the empire together by synthesising all its best journalism.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Stead's abundant energy and facile pen found scope in many other directions in journalism of an advanced humanitarian type. This time saw Stead "at the very height of his professional prestige", according to E. T. Raymond.<ref name="attackingthedevil_b" /> He was the first editor to employ female journalists.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Stead lived in Chicago for six months in 1893-4, campaigning against brothels and drinking dens, and published If Christ Came to Chicago.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Beginning in 1895, Stead issued affordable reprints of classic literature under such titles as The Penny Poets<ref>The Penny Poets (The Masterpiece Library: Series I) ("Review of Reviews" Office; Stead's Publishing House) - Book Series List, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</ref> and Penny Popular Novels, in which he "boil[ed] down the great novels of the world so that they might fit into, say, sixty-four pages instead of six hundred".<ref name="attackingthedevil3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His ethos behind the venture pre-dated Allen Lane's Penguin Books by nearly forty years, and he became "the foremost publisher of paperbacks in the Victorian Age".<ref name="attackingthedevil2"/> In 1896, Stead launched the series Books for the Bairns, whose titles included fairy tales and works of classical literature.<ref>Stead's Publishing House Series Books, kent.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</ref><ref name="attackingthedevil2"/><ref>Books for the Bairns ("Review of Reviews" Office), publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</ref>

Stead became an enthusiastic supporter of the peace movement, and of many other movements, popular and unpopular, in which he impressed the public generally as an extreme visionary, though his practical energy was recognised by a considerable circle of admirers and pupils.<ref name="EB1911"/> Stead was a pacifist and a campaigner for peace, who favoured a "United States of Europe" and a "High Court of Justice among the nations" (an early version of the United Nations), yet he also preferred the use of force in the defence of law.<ref name=wood>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He extensively covered the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907; for the latter he printed a daily paper during the four-month conference. He has a bust at the Peace Palace in The Hague. As a result of these activities, Stead was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref name="attackingthedevil_a" />

File:Steads Masterpiece-Library.jpg

Two titles from Stead's Masterpiece Library for Boys and Girls

With all his unpopularity, and all the suspicion and opposition engendered by his methods, his personality remained a forceful one, in both public and private life. He was an early imperial idealist, whose influence on Cecil Rhodes in South Africa remained of primary importance; many politicians and statesmen, who on most subjects were completely at variance with his ideas, nevertheless owed something to them. Rhodes made him his confidant, and was inspired in his will by his suggestions; and Stead was intended to be one of Rhodes's executors. However, at the time of the Second Boer War Stead threw himself into the Boer cause and attacked the government with characteristic violence,<ref name="EB1911"/> and consequently his name was removed from the will's executors.<ref>The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, ed. W. T. Stead (Review of Reviews Office: London), 1902.</ref>

The number of his publications gradually became very large, as he wrote with facility and sensationalist fervour on all sorts of subjects, from The Truth about Russia (1888) to If Christ Came to Chicago! (Laird & Lee, 1894), and from Mrs Booth (1900) to The Americanisation of the World<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (1901).<ref name="EB1911"/>

Stead was an Esperantist, and often supported Esperanto in a monthly column in Review of Reviews.<ref name="ede">Enciklopedio de Esperanto, 1933. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1904 he launched The Daily Paper, which folded after six weeks, and Stead lost £35,000 of his own money (almost £3 million in 2012 value) and suffered a nervous breakdown.<ref name="attackingthedevil_c" /><ref name=autogenerated1 />

Meeting with William Randolph HearstEdit

A year before the Spanish–American War W. T. Stead travelled to New York to meet William Randolph Hearst, to teach him government by journalism.<ref name=hearst2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Self-published inline<ref name=hearst>Template:Cite news</ref>

Travel to RussiaEdit

In 1905 Stead travelled to Russia to try to discourage violence during the Russian Revolution, but his tour and talks were unsuccessful.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

SpiritualismEdit

File:Stead family.jpg

Stead with his family, 1890s

In the 1890s, Stead became increasingly interested in spiritualism.<ref name=oppenheim34/> In 1893, he founded a spiritualist quarterly, Borderland, in which he gave full play to his interest in psychical research.<ref name="attackingthedevil_c" /><ref name=oppenheim34/> Stead was editor, and he employed Ada Goodrich Freer as assistant editor; she was also a substantial contributor under the pseudonym "Miss X".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Stead claimed that he was in the habit of communicating with Freer by telepathy and automatic writing.<ref name=brake65>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Borderland, volume I, 1893, p 6. Quoted in Hall (1980) p. 50.</ref> The magazine ceased publication in 1897.<ref name=oppenheim34/>

Stead claimed to be in receipt of messages from the spirit world and, in 1892, to be able to produce automatic writing.<ref name=oppenheim34/><ref name=brake65/> His spirit contact was alleged to be the departed Julia A. Ames, an American temperance reformer and journalist whom he met in 1890 shortly before her death. In 1909, he established Julia's Bureau, where inquirers could obtain information about the spirit world from a group of resident mediums.<ref name=oppenheim34>Template:Cite book</ref>

Grant Richards said that "The thing that operated most strongly in lessening Stead's hold on the general public was his absorption in spiritualism".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The physiologist Ivor Lloyd Tuckett wrote that Stead had no scientific training and was credulous when it came to the subject of spiritualism. Tuckett examined a case of spirit photography that Stead had claimed was genuine. Stead visited a photographer who produced a photograph of him with an alleged deceased soldier known as "Piet Botha". Stead claimed the photographer could not have come across any information about Piet Botha; however, Tuckett discovered that an article in 1899 had been published on Pietrus Botha in a weekly magazine with a portrait and personal details.<ref>Ivor Lloyd Tuckett. (1911). The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense". Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 52–53.</ref>

In the early 20th century, Arthur Conan Doyle and Stead were duped into believing that the stage magicians Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote the Zancigs performed telepathy. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their mind reading act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of Our Secrets!! in a London newspaper.<ref>John Booth. (1986). Psychic Paradoxes. Prometheus Books. p. 8. Template:ISBN</ref>

Ten years after the Titanic went down, Stead's daughter Estelle published The Blue Island: Experiences of a New Arrival Beyond the Veil,<ref>Pardoe Woodman and Estelle Stead (1922). The Blue Island: Experiences of a New Arrival Beyond the Veil. Hutchinson & Co., London.</ref> which purported to be a communication with Stead via a medium, Pardoe Woodman. In the book, Stead described his death at sea and discussed the nature of the afterlife. The manuscript was produced using automatic writing, and Ms. Stead cited as proof of its authenticity the writer's habit of going back to cross "t's" and dot "i's" while proof-reading, which she said was characteristic of her father's writing technique in life.

Death on the TitanicEdit

Stead boarded the Titanic for a visit to the United States to take part in a peace congress at Carnegie Hall at the request of President William Howard Taft. Survivors of the Titanic reported very little about Stead's last hours. He chatted enthusiastically through the 11-course meal that fateful night, telling thrilling tales (including one about the cursed mummy of the British Museum), but then retired to bed at 10.30 pm.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> After the ship struck the iceberg, Stead helped several women and children into the lifeboats, in an act "typical of his generosity, courage, and humanity", and gave his life jacket to another passenger.<ref name="oxforddnb1912"/>

A later sighting of Stead, by survivor Philip Mock, has him clinging to a raft with John Jacob Astor IV. "Their feet became frozen", reported Mock, "and they were compelled to release their hold. Both were drowned."<ref>"Stead and Astor cling to Raft" (Worcester Telegram, 20 April 1912) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk</ref> Stead's body was not recovered.

Stead had often claimed that he would die from either lynching or drowning.<ref name="oxforddnb1912"/> He had published two pieces that gained greater significance in light of his fate on the Titanic. On 22 March 1886, he published an article titled "How the Mail Steamer went down in Mid Atlantic by a Survivor",<ref>W.T. Stead, "How the Mail Steamer went down in Mid Atlantic" (1886) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk</ref> wherein a steamer collides with another ship, resulting in a high loss of life due to an insufficient ratio of lifeboats to passengers. Stead had added: "This is exactly what might take place and will take place if liners are sent to sea short of boats". In 1892, Stead published a story titled "From the Old World to the New",<ref>W.T. Stead, "From the Old World to the New" (The Review of Reviews Christmas Number, 1892) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk</ref> in which a vessel, the Majestic, rescues survivors of another ship that collided with an iceberg.

ReputationEdit

Following his death, Stead was widely hailed as the greatest newspaperman of his age. His friend Viscount Milner eulogised Stead as "a ruthless fighter, who had always believed himself to be 'on the side of angels'".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

His sheer energy helped to revolutionise the often stuffy world of Victorian journalism, while his blend of sensationalism and indignation set the tone for British tabloids.<ref>F. Regard, 'The sexual exploitation of the poor in W.T. Stead's The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon (1885) : Humanity, democracy and the origins of the tabloid press', in Narrating Poverty and Precarity in Britain (ed. B. Korte et F. Regard), Berlin, De Gruyter, 2014, pp. 75–91.</ref> Like many journalists, he was a curious mixture of conviction, opportunism and sheer humbug. According to his biographer W. Sydney Robinson, "He twisted facts, invented stories, lied, betrayed confidences, but always with a genuine desire to reform the world – and himself." According to Dominic Sandbrook, "Stead's papers forced his readers to confront the seedy underbelly of their own civilisation, but the editor probably knew more about that dark world than he ever let on. He held up a mirror to Victorian society, yet deep down, like so many tabloid crusaders, he was raging at his own reflection."<ref name=autogenerated3 />

File:W T Stead.jpg

Memorial plaque in Central Park, New York City
(A similar plaque, with a different inscription, is displayed on Victoria Embankment, London.)

According to Roy Hattersley, Stead became "the most sensational figure in 19th-century journalism".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A memorial bronze was erected in Central Park, New York City, in 1920. It reads, "W. T. Stead 1849–1912. This tribute to the memory of a journalist of worldwide renown is erected by American friends and admirers. He met death aboard the Titanic April 15, 1912, and is numbered amongst those who, dying nobly, enabled others to live." A duplicate bronze is located on the Thames Embankment not far from Temple, where Stead had an office.

A memorial plaque to Stead can also be seen at his final home, 5 Smith Square, where he lived from 1904 to 1912. It was unveiled on 28 June 2004 in the presence of his great-great-grandson, 13-year-old Miles Stead. The plaque was sponsored by the Stead Memorial Society.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In his native Embleton, a road has been named "W T Stead Road".

In his adopted Darlington a pub is named in his honour in the town centre.

In the 2009 video game Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, Stead's 'How the Mail Steamer Went Down in Mid Atlantic by a Survivor, From the Old World to the New and his death on the Titanic are discussed by Akane Kurashiki and Junpei, who debate the possibility that Stead was undergoing automatic writing by connecting to his future self.

ResourcesEdit

ArchivesEdit

Fourteen boxes of Stead's papers are held at the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bulk of this collection comprises Stead's letters from his many correspondents, including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, William Gladstone and Christabel Pankhurst. There are also papers and a diary relating to his time spent in Holloway Prison in 1885<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and to his many publications<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>.Template:Citation needed

Stead's papers are also held at The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Charles Barker Howdill (1863–1941) took a colour photograph of Stead "finished in 12 minutes" on 17 January 1912, about three months before Stead's death. It is now in the collections of Leeds Museums and Galleries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>