WHSmith
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check|nested=1|template=Infobox company|cat=Template:Main other|name; company_name|logo; company_logo|logo_alt; alt|trade_name; trading_name|former_names; former_name|type; company_type|predecessors; predecessor|successors; successor|foundation; founded|founders; founder|defunct; dissolved|hq_location; location|hq_location_city; location_city|hq_location_country; location_country|num_locations; locations|areas_served; area_served|net_income; profit|net_income_year; profit_year|owners; owner |homepage; website }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox company with unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | ignoreblank=y | alt | area_served | areas_served | assets | assets_year | aum | brands | company_logo | company_name | company_type | defunct | dissolved | divisions | embed | equity | equity_year | fate | footnotes | former_name | former_names | foundation | founded | founder | founders | genre | homepage | hq_location | hq_location_city | hq_location_country | incorporated | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | income_year | industry | ISIN | key_people | location | location_city | location_country | locations | logo | logo_alt | logo_caption | logo_class | logo_size | logo_upright | members | members_year | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | net_income | net_income_year | num_employees | num_employees_year | num_locations | num_locations_year | operating_income | owner | owners | parent | predecessor | predecessors | production | production_year | products | profit | profit_year | rating | ratio | revenue | revenue_year | romanized_name | services | subsid | successor | successors | traded_as | trade_name | trading_name | type | website| qid | fetchwikidata | suppressfields | noicon | nocat | demo | categories }} WH Smith plc, trading as WHSmith (also written WH Smith and formerly as W. H. Smith & Son), is a British retailer, with headquarters in Swindon, England, which operates a chain of railway station, airport, port, hospital and motorway service station shops selling books, stationery, magazines, newspapers, entertainment products and confectionery.
The company was formed by Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna in 1792 as a news vendor in London. It remained under the ownership of the Smith family for many years and saw large-scale expansion during the 1970s as the company began to diversify into other markets. Following a rejected private equity takeover in 2004, the company began to focus on its core retail business. It was responsible for the creation of the ISBN book identifier.<ref name="Book identifier"/>
The company reached an agreement in 2025 to sell its high street store business to Modella Capital. Upon completion of the sale, that business will be renamed TGJones.
WHSmith is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
HistoryEdit
FormationEdit
In 1792, Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna established the business as a news vendor in Little Grosvenor Street, London.<ref name="history3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After their deaths, the business — valued in 1812 at £1,280 (Template:Inflation) — was taken over by their youngest son William Henry Smith, and in 1846 the firm became W. H. Smith & Son when his only son, also named William Henry, became a partner.<ref name=history1>Template:Cite journal</ref> The firm took advantage of the railway boom by opening news-stands on railway stations, beginning with Euston in 1848.<ref name=history1/> In 1850, the firm opened depots in Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool.<ref>Walbank, Alan. 1960. "Railway Reading."The Book Collector. 9 no.3 (Autumn): 285-291.</ref><ref name=history1/> It also ran a circulating library service, from 1860 to 1961, and a publishing business based at the Steam Press, Cirencester.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> The younger W. H. Smith used the success of the firm as a springboard into politics, becoming a Member of Parliament (MP) in 1868<ref name=history1/> and serving as a minister in several Conservative governments.<ref name=history1/>
After the death of W. H. Smith the younger in 1891,<ref>Template:Cite DNB</ref> his widow was created Viscountess Hambleden in her own right;<ref name=history1/> their son inherited the business from his father and the viscountcy from his mother. After the death of the second Viscount in 1928, the business was reconstituted as a limited company, in which his son, the third Viscount, owned all the ordinary shares.<ref name="history3"/> On the death of the third Viscount in 1948, the death duties were so large that a public holding company had to be formed and shares sold to WH Smith staff and the public.<ref name="history3"/> A younger brother of the third Viscount remained chairman until 1972, but the Smith family's control slipped away, and the last family member left the board in 1996.<ref name="history3"/>
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In 1966, WHSmith originated a nine-digit code for uniquely referencing books, called Standard Book Numbering or SBN. It was adopted as international standard ISO 2108 in 1970, and was used until 1974, when it became the ISBN scheme.<ref name="Book identifier">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ExpansionEdit
From the 1970s, WHSmith began to expand into other retail sectors. WH Smith Travel operated from 1973<ref name="history3"/> to 1991. The Do It All chain of DIY shops originated with an acquisition in 1979,<ref name="history3"/> becoming a joint venture with Boots in 1990;<ref name=history3/> Boots acquired WHSmith's share in June 1996.<ref name=history3/> The bookshop chain Waterstone's, founded by former WHSmith executive Tim Waterstone in 1982, was bought in 1989<ref name="history3"/> and sold in 1998.<ref name=history3/>
The expanding WHSmith group adopted a new "house style" or corporate identity in 1973, with a new logo and a change of name from W. H. Smith & Son to WHSmith. The new hexagon-shaped logo featured the initials of the group on the sides of a box employing a new orange and brown colour scheme, replacing a logo that had been in use since before 1830. This updated visual identity extended throughout the company's operations, specified by a design manual, covering everything from the appropriate use of the logo in retail environments, through the design of decorative elements on wrapping paper and promotional material, the layout of stationery, labels and forms, and even crockery, also informing the design of staff uniforms and packaging.<ref name="design197309_whsmith">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In 1986, WHSmith bought a 75% controlling share of the Our Price music retail chain;<ref name="history3"/> in the 1990s it also bought other music retailers including the Virgin Group's smaller (non-Megastore) shops. The 75% share of Virgin Our Price was sold to Virgin Retail Group Ltd in July 1998 for £145m.<ref name=history3/> WHSmith also owned the American record chain The Wall,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> which was sold to Camelot Music in 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In March 1998, the company acquired John Menzies's retail outlets for £68m, which for many years had been the main rival to the company's railway-station outlets. This purchase also cleared the way for WHSmith's retail expansion into Scotland. Prior to the takeover, Menzies's larger Scottish shops (carrying a very similar range of products to High Street WHSmith shops elsewhere) dominated the market, and the latter's presence was minimal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
RestructuringEdit
For several years, the company's retail arm had difficulties competing with specialist book and music chains on one side and large supermarkets on the other. This led to poor financial performance, and a takeover bid in 2004 by Permira, which fell through.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The company reacted to this by disposing of its overseas subsidiaries<ref name=overseas>Template:Cite news</ref> and its publishing business Hodder Headline, in order to concentrate on reforming its core businesses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In August 2006, the company demerged the retail and news distribution arms of the business into two separate companies: WH Smith plc (retail) and Smiths News plc (newspaper and magazine distribution).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2010 WHSmith bought The Gadget Shop from The Entertainer.<ref>W. H. Smith buys Gadget Shop Retail Week, 7 September 2010</ref> That year, it also bought online greeting card retailer Funky Pigeon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since 2011Edit
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In April 2011, WHSmith agreed a deal with the legal services provider QualitySolicitors under which QualitySolicitors would place representatives in up to 500 of its UK branches.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Past Times went into administration in January 2012, and the brand name was bought by WHSmith in March 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In October 2013, WHSmith announced that it had bought the ModelZone brand and would sell products under this brand through existing WHSmith shops.<ref name=WHSmith-profit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=WHSmith-Clarke>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="twitter 13/11/13">Tweet by @ModelZone on 13/11/13, Twitter. "9 more to open by 23/11/13 in the following locations- CARDIFF, CROYDON, GATESHEAD METRO, GLASGOW SAUCHIEHALL..."</ref> In October 2014, WHSmith announced as part of its preliminary statement that it was planning on extending its greetings card offering by launching the low-price brand Cardmarket on a trial basis. According to the statement, these trial shops would be in low rent areas and let to WHSmith under short-term leases.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The company announced in late 2018 that the trial of Cardmarket would be wound up, with the closure of the Cardmarket stores. This was in addition to the announcement of the closure for at least six WHSmith stores which were deemed economically unviable following a strategic business review.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Late in 2017, the company purchased Cult Pens, a UK-based online retailer of specialist pens, for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2018, WHSmith acquired the brand InMotion, the largest airport-based electronics retailer in the US. InMotion expanded to operate stores within UK airports including Heathrow, Manchester and Birmingham, as well as overseas in Spain and Australia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In July 2020, WHSmith announced more than 150 redundancies at its head office, representing approximately 18% of the head office workforce.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In November 2020, the company announced that, after a loss of £280 million, it had decided to close 25 stores in the country, noting that eight stores had been closed in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In August 2020, WHSmith launched a new flagship store in Terminal 2 at Heathrow Airport, in collaboration with Well, which features an in-house pharmacy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
WHSmith announced in June 2023 that it would not be opening any more stores on High Streets in the UK and would instead add stores in airports, railway stations and in the United States and Europe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also in June, toy retailer Toys "R" Us announced plans to open nine concessions in WHSmith stores, marking the return of the brand's physical presence in the UK after its own stores closed in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In December 2023, the logo was changed as part of a rebranding trial. The changed stores, which included those in York, Canterbury and Preston, dropped the word "Smith" in favour of "WHS".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TGJones sell-offEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In January 2025, WHSmith was reported to be in talks to sell its high street business, with around 500 stores and the partnership with Toys "R" Us. The more profitable travel retail business (which has shops in railway stations, airports, ports, hospitals and on motorways), the brand and Funky Pigeon would be unaffected by this.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company said that, in the previous financial year, it had derived 85% of its revenues from its travel operations.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>
In March 2025, WHSmith announced that it was selling its high street business to Modella Capital. The stores are expected to be rebranded to TGJones, whilst the current operator retains the WHSmith brand for its travel business.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following concerns from the Communication Workers Union (CWU), representing Post Office and Royal Mail staff, that the sale may cause "postal deserts" given the large proportion of branches inside WHSmith stores, Modella insist they plan to make few changes, retaining Post Offices and Toys "R" Us sections within shops.<ref name=":0" />
TelevisionEdit
WHSmith founded one of the UK's earliest cable television channels, Lifestyle, which was carried on almost every cable system in the UK and Ireland prior to the start of Sky Television in 1989.<ref name="history3"/> By late 1984, the company had bought a 15% stake in Screensport and from January 1986, took over the operations and management when ABC and R Kennedy pulled out.<ref>Shadow cast over cable TV. Jonathan Miller, Media Correspondent. The Times, Monday, 1 December 1986; pg. 3.</ref> Both channels were closed in 1993.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
OperationsEdit
United KingdomEdit
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Since 2007, the company has taken on a number of Post Office branches, mainly within its high street shops.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By April 2016, this had reached 107, including former Crown Post Offices, with plans for an additional 61.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
WHSmith also operate a number of shops within hospitals, following its acquisition of Yorkshire-based newsagent chain United News in March 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In addition to its existing joint ventures and franchise shops, the company trialled the smaller format, convenience-based WHSmith Local concept during 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Targeted at independent newsagents and post office business owners,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a total of 40 such stores were trading and a further 40 planned by the time the 2015 annual report had been published.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since 2011, the company has also opened shops using its Funky Pigeon brand and subsidiary Funky Pigeon.com Ltd which offers stationery and personalised greetings cards both online and via stores.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2024, WHSmith announced that they had reached an exclusive agreement with Toys R Us owner WHP Global to open Toys R Us concessions inside its stores.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
InternationalEdit
Canadian operations initially began in 1950. By 1970, there were 14 stores in Canada.<ref name=vid>Template:Cite magazine</ref> They continued until 1989, when they were sold to domestic owners and renamed SmithBooks. SmithBooks later merged with Coles, forming Chapters, which retained the Coles and SmithBooks names and locations while also opening new namesake superstores. Many SmithBooks locations were eventually closed or converted to Coles; a few locations still retain the name as of 2013.<ref>SmithBooks – ON. Yellowpages.ca. Retrieved on 19 September 2013.</ref>
In 2018, WHSmith re-entered the Canadian and American markets through its acquisition of Airport Electronics Retailer InMotion<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Marshall Retail Group in 2019. As of 2024, WHSmith owns 320 stores in North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By 1970, WHSmith had one retail store in both Brussels and Paris.<ref name=vid/> The company retains one shop on Rue de Rivoli in the centre of Paris, France. However the store in Paris is now branded as Smith & Son.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The company acquired Whitcoulls and Bennetts in New Zealand and Angus & Robertson in Australia in 2001 with plans to convert Whitcoulls to WHSmith.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However they were later sold off along with those in Hong Kong International Airport (now as Page One) and in Singapore at Changi Airport, in 2004 (now Times Travel under the Times Bookstores banner).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=overseas/>
WHSmith restarted its Australian operations in March 2011 following the collapse of Angus & Robertson/Borders who held the naming rights in Australia. The first new shop was opened at Melbourne Airport, in the international departures terminal. There are now three outlets at Melbourne Airport, three at Southern Cross railway station and one within Melbourne Central.<ref>W. H. Smith touches down in Australia Template:Webarchive Inside Retailing</ref>
WHSmith has opened shops in major Indian airports. WHSmith is currently in the process of planning 30 kiosk shops in China.<ref>W. H. Smith 'Travel Shops' Help High Street Falls Sky News Business</ref> Currently, WHSmith sponsor the IPL cricket team (Sunrisers Hyderabad) (SRH) in India.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In October 2008, WHSmith, together with SSP, opened five branches within Copenhagen Airport,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in April 2009, opened a branch in Stockholm-Arlanda Airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2009, WHSmith opened two shops in Shannon Airport, County Clare, Ireland. A further three shops are operated in Dublin Airport's Terminal Two, which opened in November 2010 and 5 shops in Dublin Airport's Terminal One, which opened in 2013. The chain promised when winning this latter contract to hire a full-time Irish book buyer; however, the appointment of an Australian, based in London and not in Dublin, drew adverse criticism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2013, it opened an additional four shops at Dublin Airport's Terminal 1. Eason's, currently at T1 in Dublin, asked the airport operator to tender for a new contract one year earlier as the retailer blamed a fall in sales on the success of Terminal 2 at Dublin, which carried the majority of long haul traffic and long haul passengers tend to spend more on books.<ref>Eason loses out to W. H. Smith in deal to run bookshops at Dublin Airport. Independent.ie (21 July 2013). Retrieved on 19 September 2013.</ref>
WHSmith opened four branches in Helsinki Airport, Finland in late 2016 and early 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The company has a shop in Malta International Airport<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which was opened in 2016 under a franchise agreement with Miller Distributors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ControversiesEdit
On 19 June 2009, WHSmith apologised after promoting a book on cellar rapist Josef Fritzl as one of the "Top 50 Books for Dad" as a Father's Day gift.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Stina Backer, "Fritzl: a perfect gift for Father's Day, say Tesco and W. H. Smith", The Independent (London), 20 June 2009.</ref>
In October 2012, WHSmith faced criticism from shooters after the sale of shooting magazines to children under 14 was banned, although it is legal for children under 14 to go shooting. The decision appeared to follow a campaign by animal rights activists. The British Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC) campaigned against the ban, including a 12,000+ signature petition. In mid-November it emerged that the restrictions had been removed from all UK shooting magazines.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 14 October 2013, WHSmith took their website offline because "unacceptable titles were appearing on their website". These were e-books with themes of abuse.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The chain was criticised in 2014 for the condition of its shops, with both analysts and customers accusing the chain of under-investing in its estate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2015, an investigation by The Independent revealed that WHSmith and other airport retailers were charging VAT to shoppers travelling outside the European Union, then claiming the VAT back from the government and not passing the refund on to customers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was made possible by the practice of scanning customer's boarding passes at the till point – solely for the benefit of the company – which made the passengers unwitting accomplices in their own deception. After a public outcry, a customer revolt in which many refused to hand over their boarding passes, and an intervention by Parliament, the company confirmed in March 2017 that it would pass on the VAT reduction to customers spending over £6, who were travelling outside the EU.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2015, the company was also criticised for the prices charged in its branches in hospitals, after media investigations found some items to be on sale at significantly higher prices than in high street branches.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2018, WHSmith apologised after it was revealed that it had made more than £700 by selling single tubes of toothpaste for £7.99 through its branch in Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The price was described as an 'error' and WHSmith promised that the proceeds from the sales would be donated to a local charity. The price was restored to £2.49, still more than three times the price of 80p charged in a nearby Tesco.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2023, the company was found to have broken the minimum wage law, having failed to pay around £1 million to 17,607 of its workers. The company said that this was because of an error related to its uniform policy, with a spokesperson saying "Following a review with HMRC in 2019, and in common with a number of retailers, it was brought to our attention that we had misinterpreted how the statutory wage regulations were applied to our uniform policy for staff working in our stores. This was a genuine error and it was rectified immediately with all colleagues reimbursed in 2019".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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