Wake (ceremony)
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A wake or visitation is a social gathering associated with death, held before a funeral. Traditionally, a wake involves family and friends keeping watch over the body of the dead person, usually in the home of the deceased. Some wakes are held at a funeral home or another convenient location. The wake or the viewing of the body is a part of death rituals in many cultures. It allows one last interaction with the dead, providing a time for the living to express their thoughts and feelings with the deceased.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It highlights the idea that the loss is borne by the whole community and is a way of honoring the deceased member.<ref>Metcalf, Peter & Richard Huntington (1991). Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Template:Page? Cambridge Press, New York. Template:ISBN?</ref> The emotional tone of a wake is sometimes seen as more positive than a funeral due to the socially supportive atmosphere and the focus on the life rather than the death of the deceased.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
OriginEdit
The term originally referred to a late-night prayer vigil but is now mostly used for the social interactions accompanying a funeral. While the modern usage of the verb wake is "become or stay alert", a wake for the dead harks back to the vigil, "watch" or "guard" of earlier times. It is a misconception that people at a wake are waiting in case the deceased should "wake up".<ref name="Brunetti">Template:Cite book</ref>
The term wake was originally used to denote a prayer vigil, often an annual event held on the feast day of the saint to whom a parish church was dedicated.<ref name="Harland">Template:Cite book</ref> Over time the association with prayer has become less important, although not lost completely,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and in many countries a wake is now mostly associated with the social interactions accompanying a funeral.<ref name="Brunetti" />
IrelandEdit
The wake (Template:Langx) is a key part of the death customs of Ireland; it is an important phase in the separation of the dead from the world of the living and transition to the world of the dead.<ref name="Lysaght">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Typically lasting one or two days, it is a continuous watch kept over the dead by family and friends, usually in their own home, before burial.<ref name="Lysaght"/> Shane McCorristine writes that the original purposes of an Irish wake were to honour the dead, to celebrate their life, to ensure that death had really occurred, to guard the body from evil, and to placate their soul.<ref name="McCorristine">Template:Cite book</ref>
Shortly after death, the body is usually prepared and placed in a coffin at a funeral home, then brought to the dead person's home for the wake, which is now referred to as the 'wake house'. Historically, the body was usually washed, groomed and clothed in a white shroud at their own home by local wise women.<ref name="Lysaght"/> Traditionally, windows of a wake house are left open to let the soul leave the room, mirrors are covered or turned around, clocks are stopped, and household pets are kept out for the duration of the wake.<ref name="Lysaght"/> It is also customary for candles to be kept lit.<ref name="McCorristine"/>
Relatives and friends are expected to visit to pay respects to the dead and to their family, who in turn provide hospitality.<ref name="Lysaght"/> At intervals, a collective prayer might be said; for Catholics usually the Rosary.<ref name="Lysaght"/> Traditionally there is food and drink, as well as storytelling, music, singing and dancing.<ref name="Lysaght"/> Historically, wakes were important social gatherings for the young, who sometimes partook in rowdier amusements and courtship.<ref name="Lysaght"/> Patricia Lysaght says the traditional revelry at wakes can be seen as a way of reasserting the life of the community in the face of death.<ref name="Lysaght"/> However, when a death is particularly tragic, or that of a child, the wake is more private and mournful.<ref name="McCorristine"/>
Historically, keening was performed at the wake by a group of women who sat around the body. It was a poetic lament for the dead, addressed directly to the dead person. A leading keening woman (bean chaointe) chanted verses and led a choral death wail, in which the other keeners joined while swaying rhythmically. Sometimes professional keeners were hired to fulfill this obligation to the dead. Lysaght writes, "This communal lamentation is often described as having a cathartic effect on family and community members present".<ref name="Lysaght"/>
Both keening and the rowdier 'wake games' gradually died out in the late 19th century, due to condemnation from church authorities. At the end of the wake, the coffin is carried out of the wake house by male family and friends.<ref name="Lysaght"/>
WalesEdit
Historically, there was a custom in Wales to store the coffin in the home until the funeral.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Friends and neighbours would volunteer for the ritual of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('watching the body'). The wake, known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was held the night preceding the funeral and was a time of merriment.
Other modern wakesEdit
Wake customs similar to those of Ireland are still found in North-western Scotland and in Northern England.
Noting the crowd, the emotion, and alcohol, Tom Watson, writing in Forbes, said of The Concert for New York City, "The Garden was the biggest Irish wake in history."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Shemira, the custom of "guarding" the body of the deceased in Judaism
- Nine nights
- Month's Mind
- Lying in state
- Memorial service (Orthodox)
- Viewing (funeral)