Wawel Dragon

Template:Short description Template:About {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other

The Wawel Dragon (Template:Langx), also known as the Dragon of Wawel Hill, is a famous dragon in Polish legend.

According to the earliest account (13th century), a dragon (Template:Transliteration, "one who swallows whole") plagued the capital city of Kraków established by legendary King Krak (or Krakus, Gracchus, etc.). The man-eating monster was being appeased with a weekly ration of cattle, until finally being defeated by the king's sons using decoy cows stuffed with sulfur. But the younger prince ("Krak the younger" or "Krak junior") murdered his elder brother to take sole credit, and was banished afterwards. Consequently Princess Wanda had to succeed the kingdom. Later in a 15th-century chronicle, the prince-names were swapped, with the elder as "Krak junior" and the younger as Lech. It also credited the king himself with masterminding the carcasses full of sulfur and other reagents. A yet later chronicler (Marcin Bielski, 1597) credited the stratagem to a cobbler named Skub (Skuba), adding that the "Dragon's Cave" (Template:Langx) lay beneath Wawel Castle (on Wawel Hill on the bank of the Vistula River).

Literary historyEdit

The oldest known telling of the story comes from the 13th-century work attributed to Bishop of Kraków and historian of Poland, Wincenty Kadłubek.<ref name="sikorski"/><ref>Wincenty Kadłubek, "Kronika Polska", Ossolineum, Wrocław, 2008, Template:ISBN</ref>

Polish Chronicle (13th c.)Edit

According to Wincenty Kadłubek's Polish Chronicle, a dragon appeared during the reign of King Krak (Template:Langx,Template:Sfnp<ref name="siama"/> Template:Linktext {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref name="kalik&uchitel"/>Template:Sfnp).

St. Wincenty's original Latin text actually refers to the dragon as Template:Transliteration'<ref name="vincenty1872-p256-holophagus"/> (Polish gloss: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}};<ref>Bielski, August ed., Template:Harvp, annotated index, p. 451.</ref> "one who swallows whole"), which was a neologism he had coined.Template:Sfnp In Polish translation of the work, the monster is rendered as the "greedily swallowing dragon" (Template:Langx).Template:Sfnp

It was a "terrible and cruel beast" dwelling "in the depths [windings/curves] of a certain rock (Template:Linktext)"<ref name="vincenty1872-p256-holophagus">Template:Harvp: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}</ref><ref name="nungovitch-rock">Template:Harvp: "terrible and cruel beast" dwelling "in the depths of a certain rock"</ref> or emended to "a certain cave (Template:Linktext)"<ref name="vincenty-var-spelunce-apud-weclewski">Template:Harvp Chronica principum Poloniae, p. 430, n. 5: "W. Chr. Pol.: Erat enim in cuiusdam spelunce.."</ref> according to Wincenty.Template:Refn

The dragon required a weekly offering of cattle, or else humans would have been devoured instead. In the hope of killing the dragon, Krak called upon his two sonsTemplate:Refn. They could not, however, defeat the creature by hand, so they came up with a trick. They fed him a cattle skin stuffed with smoldering sulfur, causing his fiery death.<ref name="kadlubek-tr-kalik&uchitel"/> After the success, the younger prince (referred to as the "junior Gracchus"; Template:Langx var. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},<ref>Template:Harvp, note.</ref> i.e. Krak II; Template:Langx Template:Sfnp) kills his elder brother blaming the dragon for the death. But his crime was soon revealed, and he got expelled from the country. Afterwards Princess Wanda had to accede to the kingship.<ref>Template:Harvp, Józefczyk tr., pp. 42–43 Template:In lang</ref>Template:Sfnp<ref name="siama"/>Template:Sfnp

Derivative chroniclesEdit

Among later chronicles derived from Wincenty Kadłubek's work, Chronicle of Greater Poland (<1296)Template:Efn fails to make mention of the dragon at all, while the Template:Interlanguage link (or Mierzwa Chronicle; Kronika Dzierzwy/Kronika Mierzwy, 14th century) followed closely after Wincenty.Template:Sfnp Both these chronicles maintain that Krak, Jr. is the younger prince, and keep the elder brother nameless.<ref name="kadlubek-tr-kalik&uchitel"/>Template:Sfnp

Jan Długosz's 15th-century chronicle,<ref name="dlugosz"/> however, swapped the roles of the princes, claiming that the younger son named Lech was the killer, while the elder son named Krak, Jr. became the victim.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp The idea for the scheme to slay the dragon (olophagus) is credited to King Krak himself, not his sons, because the king fears a mass exodus from the city may take place,Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp and he orders to have the carcass stuffed with flammable substances, namely sulfur, tinder (Template:Langx; Template:Langx Template:Refn), wax, pitch, and tar and set them on fire.<ref name="sikorski"/> The dragon ate the burning meal and died breathing fire just before death. Długosz also adds the detail that the dragon lived in a cave of Mount Wawel upon which King Krak had built his castle.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Refn In any case, the fratricide is banished, so their sister Princess Wanda must accede to the throne.Template:Sfnp

Shoemaker versionEdit

File:Kraków - Wawel - Smocza Jama - inside.jpg

The Dragon's Cave

Later, Marcin Bielski's Kronika Polska (1597)Template:Refn gave credit to Template:Interlanguage link or Skuba the Cobbler ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})Template:Refn for designing the plan to defeat the dragon.Template:Sfnp<ref name="kitowska-lysiak"/>Template:Refn The story still takes place in Kraków during the reign of King Krak, the city's legendary founder, who is here called "Krok". The dragon required a diet of three calves (cielęta) or rams (barany), something in threes, and would snatch people to sate his hunger. On Skub's advice, King Krok had a calf's skin filled with sulfur, used as bait to the dragon. The dragon was unable to swallow this, and drank water until it died. Afterwards, the shoemaker was rewarded handsomely.Template:Efn Bielski adds, "One can still see his cave under the castle. It is called the Dragon's Cave (Smocza Jama)".Template:Efn<ref name="bielski1597"/><ref name="rozek1988"/>

Popular retellingsEdit

Template:Unreliable sources

The most popular, fairytale version of the Wawel Dragon tale takes place in Kraków during the reign of King Krakus, the city's legendary founder. Each day the evil dragon would beat a path of destruction across the countryside, killing the civilians, pillaging their homes, and devouring their livestock. In many versions of the story, the dragon especially enjoyed eating young maidens. Great warriors from near and far fought for the prize and failed.<ref name=gall&hobby/> A cobbler's apprentice (named Skuba<ref name=mccullough/>) accepted the challenge. He stuffed a lamb<ref name=mccullough/><ref name=gall&hobby/> with sulphur and set it outside the dragon's cave. The dragon ate it and became so thirsty, it turned to the Vistula River<ref name=gall&hobby/> and drank until it burst. The cobbler married the King's daughter as promised, and founded the city of Kraków.<ref name=mccullough>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=gall&hobby>Template:Cite book</ref>

DratewkaEdit

It has also been claimed that the name of the shoemaker is Dratewka in children's literature or storytelling about the Krak legend.<ref name="michajlow&paclawako"/> However, "Shoemaker Dratewka" (Template:Langx) or the "Twine the Shoemaker"<ref name="plesniarowicz"/>Template:Refn is the name of the smok-slaying protagonist in Maria Kownacka's play O straszliwym smoku i dzielnym szewczyku, prześlicznej królewnie i królu Gwoździku ("The terrible Dragon, the brave Shoemaker, the beautiful Princess and King Gwoździk", 1935).<ref name="jurkowski&paclawako"/> The hero of the same name (Template:Interlanguage link) also appears in fairy tales by Template:Interlanguage link.

Origin theoriesEdit

Parallels

Legends of the Wawel dragon have similarities with the biblical story about Daniel and the Babylonian dragon,<ref name="hasluck"/><ref name="Strzelczyk 2007"/> and in fact, it was stated in the tract from the Dzierzwa/Mierzwa Chronicle that "Krak[us]'s sons killed the local dragon, like Daniel killed the dragon of Babylon".<ref>Template:Harvp apud Piotr Makuch (2008)</ref>Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp

The tale of Alexander the Great's dragon-slaying using sulfur in the Romances on King Alexander (which episode only survived in the Syriac version, 7th century), bear an even closer resemblance.Template:Refn<ref>Template:Harvp and Template:Harvp apud Template:Harvp</ref><ref>Template:Harvp apud Template:Harvp</ref><ref name="nawotka"/>

Ancient myth

The legend of the Kraków dragon may well have ancient, pre-Christian origins. An allusion to the practice of Human sacrifice as part of an older, unknown myth has been suggested by historian Template:Interlanguage link.<ref name="miezian"/> Or perhaps an Indo-European myth of good vs. evil may underlie the legend.<ref name="szalapak"/> The Kraków Dragon may well be interpreted as a symbol of evil has been commented by others<ref>Template:Harvp apud Template:Harvp</ref>

Historical bases

There might also be some echoes of historical events. According to some historians, the dragon is a symbol of the presence of the Avars on Wawel Hill in the second half of the sixth century, and the victims devoured by the beast symbolize the tribute levied by them.<ref name="Strzelczyk 1987"/> The dragon may have represented the historical Bolesław II who was responsible for the martyrdom of St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków, according to historian Template:Interlanguage link.<ref name="derwich"/><ref name="deptula"/>

These ideas combined (the mythos may have been overlaid with a historical allegory) has also been described. The legend may be based on an Indo-European ur-myth about a thunder deity vanquishing a great serpent, and the serpent myth was possibly conflated with the cult of St. Stanislaus.<ref name="siama"/>

MonumentsEdit

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File:Bone of Wawel Dragon.JPG

A purported dragon bone hanging outside of Wawel Cathedral

File:Krakowdragon.jpg

Wawel Dragon sculpture by Bronisław Chromy

The Wawel dragon's supposed Dragon's Cave (Smocza Jama) below Wawel Castle still exists, on the property on the edge of the Vistula River, and can be visited.<ref name="rozek1996"/> This particular cave was purportedly first described Template:Circa,<ref name="gunn"/> i.e., in the first account of the legend by Wincenty, though the chronicler merely stated that the beast resided in a "winding of a rock ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})",<ref name="vincenty1872-p256-holophagus"/><ref name="nungovitch-rock"/> i.e. " a cave ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})".<ref name="vincenty-var-spelunce-apud-weclewski"/>

A metal sculpture of the Wawel Dragon, designed in 1969 by Bronisław Chromy, was placed in front of the Dragon's Cave (Dragon's Den) in 1972.<ref name="infoarchitekta">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The dragon has seven heads, but frequently people think that it has one head and six forelegs. To the amusement of onlookers, it noisily breathes fire every few minutes, thanks to a natural gas nozzle installed in the sculpture's mouth.

The Wawel Cathedral features a plaque commemorating the dragon's defeat by Krakus, a Polish prince who, according to the plaque, founded the city and built his palace over the slain dragon's cave.

File:1000 F 221111973 yycY6SksnTrM9oPLCYm5irx9O0b9rf6f.jpg

A commemorative plaque on the Wawel royal cathedral. Translation: "Krakus, Duke of Poland. He ruled between 730-750. This place is the burrow in which he killed the wild dragon. He has settled in Wawel Castle and founded the city of Krakow."

In front of the entrance to the cathedral, there are bones of whales or Pleistocene creatures hanging on a chain, which were found and carried to the cathedral in medieval times as the remains of a dragon.<ref name="wood"/> It is believed that the world will come to its end when the bones will fall on the ground.Template:Citation needed The street leading along the banks of the river leading towards the castle is ulica Smocza, which translates as "Dragon Street".

File:Wawel Castle dragon.webm

Dragon in cultureEdit

Template:In popular culture

Wawel Dragons (Gold, Silver, Bronze Grand Prix Dragons and Dragon of Dragons Special Prize) are awards, usually presented at Kraków Film Festival in Poland
The Dragon (as "The Beast of Kraków") appeared in the eighth issue of a comic book series Nextwave from Marvel Comics (written by Warren Ellis and drawn by Stuart Immonen).
The Dragon appears in a series of shorts produced and published by Polish company Allegro. The shorts re-visit classic Polish legends and folk tales in modernised form: in the first short, titled Smok, the dragon is presented as a flying machine used by a mysterious outlaw to capture Kraków girls.
Wawel Dragon is also one of main characters in Stanisław Pagaczewski's series of books about a scientist Baltazar Gąbka, as well as short animations based on them.
An archosaur discovered in Lisowice in 2011 was named Smok wawelski after the dragon.
The Dragon was the mascot of popular Polish radio station RMF FM, and featured in its logo between its launch in 1990 and 2010. It was dubbed "Matilda", in honor of the daughter of one of the station's first journalists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher story "The Bounds of Reason" begins with a cobbler attempting to slay a dragon by using a sulfur-filled lamb. Unlike in the Wawel Dragon myth, this attempt injures the creature but does not kill it.