Well poisoning

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Well poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in order to cause illness or death, or to deny an opponent access to fresh water resources.

Well poisoning has been historically documented as a strategy during wartime since antiquity, and was used both offensively (as a terror tactic to disrupt and depopulate a target area) and defensively (as a scorched earth tactic to deny an invading army sources of clean water). Rotting corpses (both animal and human) thrown down wells were the most common implementation; in one of the earliest examples of biological warfare, corpses known to have died from common transmissible diseases of the Pre-Modern era such as bubonic plague or tuberculosis were especially favored for well-poisoning.

History of implementationEdit

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Instances of medieval usageEdit

Well poisoning has been used as an important scorched earth tactic at least since medieval times. In 1462, for example, Prince Vlad III the Impaler of Wallachia utilized this method to delay his pursuing adversaries. Nearly 500 years later during the Winter War, the Finns rendered wells unusable by putting animal carcasses or feces in them in order to passively combat invading Soviet forces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Instances of modern usageEdit

During the 20th century, the practice of poisoning wells has lost most of its potency and practicality against an organized force as modern military logistics ensure secure and decontaminated supplies and resources. Nevertheless, German forces during First World War poisoned wells in France as part of Operation Alberich.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After World War 2 Nakam, a paramilitary organisation of about fifty Holocaust survivors, sought revenge for the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust. The group's leader Abba Kovner went to Mandatory Palestine in order to secure large quantities of poison for poisoning water mains to kill large numbers of Germans. His followers infiltrated the water system of Nuremberg. However, Kovner was arrested upon arrival in the British zone of occupied Germany and had to throw the poison overboard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Israel poisoned the wells and water supplies of certain Palestinian towns and villages as part of their biological warfare program during the 1948 Palestine war, including a successful operation that caused a typhoid epidemic in Acre in early May 1948, and an unsuccessful attempt in Gaza that was foiled by the Egyptians in late May.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

In the late 20th century, accusations of well-poisoning were brought up, most notoriously in relation to the Kosovo Liberation War.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 21st century, Israeli settlers have been condemned due to suspicions of poisoning wells of villages in the occupied Palestine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, Maariv, 13 July 2004, retrieved from Wayback Machine on 18 August 2008.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As libel against JewsEdit

Medieval accusations against JewsEdit

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2000 Jews burned to death in Strasbourg 1349 during the Black Death

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A medieval picture showing the libel of a jew poisoning a well and so causing the black death

Template:See also Despite some vague understanding of how diseases could spread, the existence of viruses and bacteria was unknown in medieval times, and the outbreak of disease could not be scientifically explained. Any sudden deterioration of health was often blamed on poisoning. Europe was hit by several waves of the Black Death throughout the late Middle Ages. Crowded cities were especially hard hit by the disease, with death tolls as high as 50% of the population. In their distress, emotionally distraught survivors searched desperately for an explanation. The city-dwelling Jews of the Middle Ages, living in walled-up, segregated ghetto districts, aroused suspicion.<ref>Barzilay, Tzafrir. Poisoned Wells: Accusation, Persecution and Minorities in Medieval Europe, 1321-1422, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.</ref> An outbreak of plague thus became the trigger for Black Death persecutions, with hundreds of Jews burned at the stake, or rounded up in synagogues and private houses that were then set aflame.

Walter Laqueur writes in his book The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day:

There were no mass attacks against "Jewish poisoners" after the period of the Black Death, but the accusation became part and parcel of antisemitic dogma and language. It appeared again in early 1953 in the form of the "doctors' plot" in Stalin's last days, when hundreds of Jewish physicians in the Soviet Union were arrested and some of them killed on the charge of having caused the death of prominent Communist leaders... Similar charges were made in the 1980s and 1990s in radical Arab nationalist and Muslim fundamentalist propaganda that accused the Jews of spreading AIDS and other infectious diseases.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Modern instances of antisemitic libelEdit

Allegations of well poisoning entwined with antisemitism have also emerged in the discourse around modern epidemics and pandemics such as swine flu, Ebola, avian flu, SARS, and COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Bsn

EU address by Mahmoud Abbas

In his address to the European Parliament on 23 June 2016, in Brussels, Palestinian Authority president and PLO chairman Mahmoud Abbas made an unsubstantiated allegation, "accusing rabbis of poisoning Palestinian wells".<ref name="HAARETZ-PA-Abbas-Bloodlible">Template:Cite news</ref> This was based on false media reports saying Israeli rabbis were inciting the poisoning of water of Palestinians, led by a rabbi Shlomo Mlma or Mlmad from the Council of Rabbis in the West Bank settlements. A rabbi by that name could not be located, nor is such an organization listed.<ref name="HaaretzPA-Abbas-BloodLibelAgain">Template:Cite news</ref>

Abbas said: "Only a week ago, a number of rabbis in Israel announced, and made a clear announcement, demanding that their government poison the water to kill the Palestinians ... Isn't that clear incitement to commit mass killings against the Palestinian people?"<ref name="Algemeiner-BloodLibelPA-Abbas">Template:Cite news</ref> The speech received a standing ovation.<ref name="HAARETZ-PA-Abbas-Bloodlible"/><ref name="HaaretzPA-Abbas-BloodLibelAgain"/><ref name="NYT-WellPoisoning-PA-PLO-Abbas">Template:Cite news</ref> The speech was described as "echoing anti-Semitic claims".<ref name="NYT-WellPoisoning-PA-PLO-Abbas" /> A day later, on Saturday 26 June, Abbas admitted that "his claims at the EU were baseless".<ref name="AlJazeera-PA-Abbas-BloodLibel">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Jpost-AbbasBloodLibelRetraction">Template:Cite news</ref> Abbas' further said that he "didn't intend to do harm to Judaism or to offend Jewish people around the world."<ref name="NYT-AbbasRetactsBloodLibel"> Template:Cite news</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated in reaction, that Abbas had spread a "blood libel" in his European Parliament address.<ref name="NYT-AbbasRetactsBloodLibel"/><ref name="Reuters-Abbas-BloodLibel">Template:Cite news</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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Well poisoning

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