The Lion Sleeps Tonight

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" is a song originally written and first recorded in 1939 by Solomon Linda<ref name="In the Jungle">Template:Cite news</ref> under the title "Mbube",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> through South African Gallo Record Company. In 1961, a version adapted into English by the doo-wop group the Tokens became a number-one hit in the United States. It earned millions in royalties from cover versions and film licensing. Lyrics of Linda's original version were written in Zulu, while those from the Tokens' adaptation were written by George David Weiss.

The song has been adapted and covered internationally by many pop and folk artists. It was first recorded in the United States by the Weavers in November 1951, and published under the title "Wimoweh" by a branch of Folkways Records in December of the same year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The pop group Tight Fit made a cover of the song in 1982, reaching number one hit in the UK. Other artists who have recorded various versions of the song include R.E.M., NSYNC, Henri Salvador, Karl Denver, Jimmy Dorsey, Yma Sumac, Noro Morales, Roy Zimmerman, Miriam Makeba, and The Kingston Trio.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The song is in the key of F major.

HistoryEdit

{{#invoke:Listen|main}} The original song title was "Mbube" (the Zulu word for "lion") and was written and first recorded in 1939 by Solomon Linda,<ref name="FRITH">Frith, Simon, Popular Music: critical concepts in media and cultural studies, Volume 4, London: Routledge, 2004. Template:ISBN. p. 271</ref> a South African Zulu singer, who worked for the Gallo Record Company in Johannesburg as a cleaner and record packer. He spent his weekends performing with his musical ensemble, "The Evening Birds", and it was at this record label, under the direction of producer "Griffiths Motsieloa", that Linda and his fellow musicians recorded several songs, including "Mbube", which incorporated a call and response pattern common among many Sub-Saharan African ethnic groups, including the Zulu.

According to journalist Rian Malan: "'Mbube' wasn't the most remarkable tune, but there was something terribly compelling about the underlying chant, a dense meshing of low male voices above which Solomon yodeled and howled for two exhilarating minutes, occasionally making it up as he went along. The third take was the great one, but it achieved immortality only in its dying seconds, when Solly took a deep breath, opened his mouth and improvised the melody..."

Issued as a 78-rpm phonograph record<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and marketed to black audiences, "Mbube" became a hit and Linda a star throughout South Africa. By 1948, the song had sold over 100,000 copies in Africa and among black South African immigrants in Great Britain. Linda's song also gave the name to a style of African a cappella music that evolved into Isicathamiya (also called Mbube music), popularized by the group Ladysmith Black Mambazo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1949 Alan Lomax, then working as folk music director for Decca Records, brought Solomon Linda's 78-rpm recording to the attention of his friend Pete Seeger, leader of the folk group The Weavers. In November 1951, after having performed the song for at least a year in their concerts, The Weavers recorded an adapted version with brass, string orchestra and chorus and released it as a 78-rpm single titled "Wimoweh", a mishearing of the original song's chorus of "Uyimbube" ("You are a lion" in Zulu). Their version contained the chanting chorus "Wimoweh" and Linda's improvised line. The Weavers credited the song as "Oral tradition", with arrangement by "Paul Campbell", later found to be a pseudonym used by The Weavers in order to claim royalties.<ref name=hutcheon>David Hutcheon, "The Story Behind the Song: The Lion Sleeps Tonight", Mojo '60s, #9, 2017, pp. 18-19</ref> It reached BillboardTemplate:'s top ten and became a staple of The Weavers' live repertoire, achieving further exposure on their best-selling The Weavers at Carnegie Hall LP album, recorded in 1955 and released in 1957.

Exotica singer Yma Sumac covered the song, for which Juilliard School-trained songwriter George David Weiss brought in soprano Anita Darian to let her perform before, during and after the soprano saxophone solo in such version, issued in 1952 on Capitol Records.<ref name=pc18>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The song was recorded extensively by other folk revival groups such as the Kingston Trio, who released it in 1958.

Miriam Makeba also covered the song in 1960, with the original title "Mbube" and giving writing credits to "J. Linda".<ref name=hutcheon /> In 1961, two RCA Records producers, Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore, hired Weiss to arrange a Doo-wop and Rhythm and blues cover of "Wimoweh" for the B-side of a 45-rpm single called "Tina", sung by group The Tokens. Weiss wrote the English lines "In the jungle, the mighty jungle, The lion sleeps tonight..." and "Hush, my darling, don't fear, my darling...".<ref>Template:Citation</ref> "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" was issued by RCA in that year, and it rocketed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Weiss' "Abilene Music, Inc." was the publisher of this arrangement, and listed "Albert Stanton" (a pseudonym for "Al Brackman", the business partner of Pete Seeger's music publisher, Howie Richmond) as one of the song's writers or arrangers.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Copyright issuesEdit

Social historian Ronald D. Cohen writes: "Howie Richmond copyrighted many songs originally in the public domain but now slightly revised to satisfy Decca and also to reap profits."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Howie Richmond's claim of author's copyright could secure both the songwriter's royalties and his company's publishing share of the song earnings.<ref name="In the Jungle" />

Although Solomon Linda was listed as a performer on the record itself, The Weavers thought they had recorded a traditional Zulu song. Their managers, the publisher, and their attorneys knew otherwise because they had been contacted by — and had reached an agreement with — Eric Gallo of Gallo Record Company in South Africa. The Americans maintained, however, that South African copyrights were not valid because South Africa was not a signatory to U.S. copyright law.<ref name="In the Jungle" /> In the 1950s, after Linda's authorship was made clear, Pete Seeger sent $1000 to the South African artist. The folk singer also said he instructed TRO/Folkways to henceforth pay his share of authors' earnings to Linda. Seeger apparently trusted his publisher's word of honor and either saw no need, or was unable, to make sure these instructions were carried out.<ref name="In the Jungle" />

In 2000, South African journalist Rian Malan wrote a feature article for Rolling Stone in which he recounted Linda's story and estimated that the song had earned $15 million for its use in the Disney 1994 movie The Lion King alone. The piece prompted filmmaker François Verster to create the Emmy-winning documentary A Lion's Trail, released in 2002, which tells Linda's story while incidentally exposing the workings of the multi-million dollar corporate music publishing industry.<ref>"National Television Academy Presents 27th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards" (press release), 25 September 2006.</ref>

In July 2004, as a result of the publicity generated by Malan's article and the subsequent documentary, the song became the subject of a lawsuit between Linda's estate and Disney, claiming that the latter owed $1.6 million in royalties for the use of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in the film and musical stage productions of The Lion King.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the same time, the Richmond Organization began to pay $3,000 annually to Linda's estate. In February 2006, the South African singer's descendants reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music Publishers, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney, to place the earnings of the song in a trust.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 2012, "Mbube" fell into the public domain, owing to the copyright law of South Africa, while "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" is still in copyright. The copyright issues were also treated in the 2019 movie ReMastered: The Lion's Share.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9046576/ Template:User-generated source</ref>

Selected list of recorded versionsEdit

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The song has been recorded by numerous artists, and is a standard that has become a part of popular culture.

"Mbube"Edit

1939 Solomon Linda and the Evening Birds
1939 Solomon Linda and the Evening Birds (take 2) featured in the first film adaptation of Cry, the Beloved Country<ref>Template:Citation Template:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Citation Template:Cbignore</ref>
1960 Miriam Makeba, on the Miriam Makeba album
1988 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, during opening sequence of movie Coming to America, but not on the soundtrack album
1991 Dolly Rathebe & the Elite Swingsters, on the Woza! album
1994 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, as "Mbube (The Lion Sleeps Tonight)", on the Gift of the Tortoise album
1996 Soweto String Quartet, as "Imbube", on the Renaissance album
2005 Soweto Gospel Choir, as "Imbube", on the Blessed album
2006 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, on the Long Walk to Freedom album
2007 CH2 and Soweto String Quartet, as "Imbube", on the Pap & Paella album
2010 Angélique Kidjo, on the Õÿö album
2019 Lebo M, on the soundtrack album of the animated remake of The Lion King film
2020 Mahotella Queens featuring "Bokkie ULT" & "Cuebur", as "Mbube 2020"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

"Wimoweh"Edit

1952: The Weavers, US No. 6
1952: Jimmy Dorsey
1952: Yma Sumac
1957: The Weavers, live version
1957: The Georgetown Chimes, on the Under the Tree with the Georgetown Chimes album
1959: Bill Hayes (on Kapp Records)
1959: The Kingston Trio
1961: Karl Denver, UK No. 4<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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1962: Bert Kaempfert, on the A Swingin' Safari album, (on Polydor Records); made mostly as an instrumental save for the "Wimoweh" chorus.
1962: Hugh Masekela, on the Trumpet Africaine album
1964: Glen Campbell, on The Astounding 12-String Guitar of Glen Campbell album
1964: Chet Atkins
1971: Rumplestiltskin, on the Black Magician album
1975: Bamses Venner
1993: Nanci Griffith featuring Odetta, on the Other Voices, Other Rooms album
1994: Roger Whittaker, on the Roger Whittaker Live! album
1994: Manu Dibango featuring Ladysmith Black Mambazo, on the Waka Afrika album
1998: Pete Seeger, on the For Kids And Just Plain Folks album
1999: Desmond Dekker, on the Halfway To Paradise album
2024: Edward Norton on the soundtrack to the 2024 film A Complete Unknown<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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