Northrop YF-17

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The Northrop YF-17 (nicknamed "Cobra") is a prototype lightweight fighter aircraft designed by Northrop aviation for the United States Air Force's Lightweight Fighter (LWF) technology evaluation program. The LWF was initiated because many in the fighter community believed that aircraft like the F-15 Eagle were too large and expensive for many combat roles. The YF-17 was the culmination of a long line of Northrop designs, beginning with the N-102 Fang in 1956, continuing through the F-5 family.

Although it lost the LWF competition to the F-16 Fighting Falcon, the YF-17 was selected for the new Naval Fighter Attack Experimental (VFAX) program. In enlarged form, the F/A-18 Hornet was adopted by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps to replace the A-7 Corsair II and F-4 Phantom II, complementing the more expensive F-14 Tomcat.<ref name="Jenkins">Jenkins, Dennis R. F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Template:ISBN.</ref> This design, conceived as a small and lightweight fighter, was scaled up to the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, which is similar in size and weight to the F-15 and ultimately replaced the F-14. A non-naval, export variant developed and marketed by Northrop, the F-18L failed to attract buyers; nevertheless, many air forces have operated the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 as a purely land-based fighter.

Design and developmentEdit

File:Northrop P-530 Cobra top-view silhouette.png

P-530 concept

BackgroundEdit

The aircraft's main design elements date to early 1965, from the internal Northrop project N-300. The N-300 was derived from the F-5E, and features a longer fuselage, small leading-edge root extensions (LERX), and more powerful GE15-J1A1 turbojets, rated at 9,000 lbf (40 kN). The wing position was raised slightly to increase ground clearance for ordnance. The N-300 further evolved into the P-530 Cobra, which uses Template:Convert GE15-J1A5 engines, with a very small 0.25:1 bypass ratio leading to the nickname "leaky turbojet".<ref name="baugher_f17">Baugher, Joe. "Northrop YF-17 Cobra", 20 July 2009. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.</ref> The bypass air was required for cooling the afterburner and nozzle and the cool bypass duct surface allowed the engine bay to be constructed of lighter, cheaper materials.<ref name="Jenkins"/>

The P-530 wing planform and nose section were similar to the F-5, with a trapezoidal shape formed by a sweep of 20° at the quarter-chord line, and an unswept trailing edge, but was over double the area, with Template:Convert as opposed to Template:Convert of the F-5E.<ref name="baugher_f17" /> Initially shoulder mounted, the wings were lowered to the mid position.<ref name="baugher_f17" /> Its most distinctive new feature were the LERXs that tapered into the fuselage under the cockpit.<ref name="baugher_f17" /> They added about 50% additional lift at angles of attack exceeding 50°, improving maneuvering.<ref name="baugher_f17" /> The extensions also aligned airflow into the engines at high angles of attack.<ref name="baugher_f17" /> The resemblance to the head of a cobra led to the adoption of the nickname "Cobra" for the P-530.<ref name="baugher_f17" />

Lightweight Fighter programEdit

File:Northrop YF-17 Cobra 060810-F-1234S-033.jpg

Frontal view of Northrop YF-17

When the Lightweight Fighter program was announced in 1971, Northrop modified the P-530 into the P-600 design that would be designated YF-17A. Whereas the P-530 was intended as a multi-role aircraft, the P-600 was to be strictly an air-to-air demonstrator, and consequently the cannon moved from the underside of the fuselage, to the upper part. Design of the YF-17 and the prototype YJ101 engine, a development of the GE15 engine, consumed over a million man-hours, and 5,000 hours of wind tunnel testing.

The YF-17 was primarily constructed of aluminum, in conventional semi-monocoque stressed-skin construction, though over 900 lb (408 kg) of its structure comprised graphite/epoxy composite. The small nose contained a simple ranging-radar. The cockpit had an ejection seat inclined at 18°, a bubble canopy, and a head-up display (HUD). The thin wings carried no fuel, and in areas such as the leading and trailing edge and the LERX, were composed of a Nomex honeycomb core with composite facesheets. The rear of the aircraft had twin all-moving stabilators of aluminum over a honeycomb core, and twin vertical stabilizers of a conventional construction. Like the wings, the leading and trailing edges were constructed of composite facesheets over honeycomb core. A composite speedbrake was located on top of the fuselage between the engines.<ref name="Winchester p. 191">Winchester 2005. p. 191.</ref>

The aircraft was powered by two Template:Convert General Electric YJ101-GE-100 afterburning turbojets,<ref>Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1975-76< Template:ISBN, p.748</ref> installed next to each other to minimize thrust asymmetry in the event of an engine failure. To minimise engine removal time they were removed from below the aircraft without disturbing the empennage controls. Each engine drove an hydraulic pump for independent aircraft systems. Unlike the P-530, the YF-17 had partial fly-by-wire, called an electronic control augmentation system (ECAS), which used ailerons, rudders, and stabilators for primary flight control.<ref name="Winchester p. 191"/>

File:YF-16 and YF-17 in flight.jpg

An air-to-air right side view of a YF-16 aircraft and a YF-17 aircraft, side-by-side, armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles

Studies showed a single vertical stabilizer was insufficient at high angles of attack, and it was changed to twin vertical stabilizers, canted at 45°, resulting in a "relaxed longitudinal stability" design, which enhances maneuverability. Northrop was not yet confident in fly-by-wire controls and retained mechanically actuated flight controls. The resulting aircraft, unveiled on 28 January 1971, had a maximum weight of 40,000 lb (18,144 kg) and maximum speed of Mach 2, but stirred little interest among foreign buyers.<ref name="baugher_f17"/>

The first prototype (serial number 72-1569) was rolled out at Hawthorne on 4 April 1974; its first flight at Edwards AFB came on 9 June with Henry "Hank" Chouteau at the controls<ref name="J&L p. 228">Jenkins and Landis 2008, p. 228.</ref> flying for 61 minutes reaching an altitude of 18,000 feet and a maximum speed of 610 miles per hour.<ref name=AFA>Template:Cite journal</ref> Chouteau afterwards remarked that, "When our designers said that in the YF-17 they were going to give the airplane back to the pilot, they meant it. It's a fighter pilot's fighter."<ref name=AFA/> The second YF-17 (s/n 72-1570) first flew on 21 August.<ref name="J&L p. 228"/> Through 1974, the YF-17 competed against the General Dynamics YF-16. The two YF-17 prototypes flew 288 test flights, totaling 345.5 hours.<ref name="J&L p. 228"/> The YF-17 attained a top speed of Mach 1.95, a peak load factor of 9.4 g, and a maximum altitude of over Template:Convert. It demonstrated a maximum angle of attack of 68 degrees at 28 kn IAS.<ref>Flight International, 2 December 1978, p.2023</ref>

Naval Fighter Attack ExperimentalEdit

Initially, the U.S. Navy was not heavily involved as a participant in the LWF program. In August 1974, Congress directed the Navy to make maximum use of the technology and hardware of the LWF for its new lightweight strike fighter, the VFAX.<ref>Miller 1986, p. 5.</ref> As neither contractor had experience with naval fighters, they sought partners to provide that expertise. General Dynamics teamed with Vought for the Vought Model 1600; Northrop with McDonnell Douglas for the F-18. Each submitted revised designs in line with the Navy needs for a long-range radar and multirole capabilities.<ref>Wooldridge, E.T., ed. with John S. McCain. Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation, 1945–1975: An Oral History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Flight testingEdit

Prototype YF-17 72-1569 was sent to NASA's Dryden Research Center for base drag studies from 27 May to 14 July 1976 prior to the first F/A-18 prototype under development.<ref>"YF-17 Cobra Photo Collection." NASA Dryden Photo Collection. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.</ref>