Year of the Elephant
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The ʿām al-fīl (Template:Langx, Year of the Elephant) is the name in Islamic history for the year approximately equating to 570–571 CE. According to Islamic resources, it was in this year that prophet Mohammad was born.<ref name="Hajjah">Hajjah Adil, Amina, "Prophet Muhammad", ISCA, Jun 1, 2002, Template:ISBN</ref> The name is derived from an event said to have occurred at Mecca: Abraha, the Abyssinian, Christian king of Himyar marched upon the Ka‘bah in Mecca with a large army, which included war elephants, intending to demolish it. However, the lead elephant, known as 'Mahmud' (Template:Langx),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In turn citing: Template:Cite book</ref> The year came to be known as the Year of the Elephant, beginning a trend for reckoning the years in the Arabian Peninsula. This reckoning was used until it was replaced with the Islamic calendar during the times of ‘Omar.
Archaeological discoveries in Southern Arabia suggest that Year of the Elephant may have been 569 or 568, as the Sasanian Empire overthrew the Aksumite-affiliated rulers in Yemen around 570.<ref name=" Watt"/>
The year is also recorded as that of the birth of ‘Ammar ibn Yasir.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EventsEdit
{{#invoke:Infobox military conflict|main}} According to early Islamic historians such as Ibn Ishaq, in honor of his ally, Abraha built a great church at Sana'a known as al-Qullays, a loanword borrowed from εκκλησία "church".
Al-Qullays gained widespread fame, even gaining the notice of the Byzantine Empire.<ref name="Hajjah" /> Other Arab people of the time had their own center of religious worship and pilgrimage in Mecca, the Kaaba.<ref name="Hajjah" /> Abraha attempted to divert their pilgrimage to al-Qullays and appointed a man named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i <ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> to Mecca and Tihamah as a king with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah" />
Ibn Ishaq's Prophetic biography states:Template:Cquote<ref name=":0" />
Abraha, incensed, launched an expedition of sixty thousand men against the Ka‘bah at Mecca, led by a white elephant named Mahmud<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (and possibly with other elephants - some accounts state there were several elephants, or even as many as eight<ref name="Hajjah" /><ref name="Watt">William Montgomery Watt (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 7.</ref>) in order to destroy the Ka‘bah. Several Arab tribes attempted to fight him on the way, but were defeated.
When news of the advance of Abraha's army came, the Arab tribes of the Quraysh, Banu Kinanah, Banu Khuza'a and Banu Hudhayl united in defense of the Ka‘bah. However, this coalition was plagued by infighting and rival interests, with many other various tribes instead choosing to ally and submit with the intent of undermining their competitors. A man from the Himyarite Kingdom was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. ‘Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad, told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he with some leading members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Ka‘bah. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."
The reference to the story in Qur’an is rather short. According to Surah al-Fil, the next day [as Abraha prepared to enter the city], a dark cloud of small birds named 'Ababil' (Template:Langx) appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces and smashed them like "eaten straw". However according to Muhammad Asad this surah does not describe birds literally carrying small rocks, he instead, referencing Al-Zamakhshari and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi translates the above mentioned verses as:
| (2)Thus, He let loose upon them great swarms of flying creatures (3) which smote them with stone-hard blows of chastisement pre-ordained<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
According to Mohammad Asad, the words used in this verse, namely the "stones of sijjil", denote "a writing and, tropically, something that has been decreed [by God]".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He further explains that this decree by God was a very sudden epidemic outbreak, which, according to Ibn Ishaq, caused fever (in arabic hasbah) and smallpox (arab. judari). This, as Asad concludes, points to the fact that the "stone hard blows of chastisement pre-ordained" were a very sudden virulent epidemic due to the fact that the word for fever "hasbah" primarily means "pelting [or smiting] with stones" in the famous arabic dictionary al-Qamous (القاموس) by Fairuzabadi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The word ta'ir can denote any "flying creature, whether bird or insect (Taj al-'Arus)".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, some scholars like Neal Robinson disagree with Asad method of translation and interpretation.<ref name="Robinson">Robinson, Neal "Clay; Encyclopedia of the Qur'an Vol I" Brill, 2001, p. 340.</ref>
ShiaEdit
According to Hadith, in al-Kafi Volume one, Imam Ali was born in the 20th year of the Elephant<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and died in AH 40.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Other sourcesEdit
This event is referred to in the Qur’an, in Surah 105, Al-Fil (Template:Langx, "The Elephant"), and is discussed in its related tafsir.
Some scholars have placed the Year of the Elephant one or two decades earlier than 570 CE,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with a tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the works of ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani placing it before the birth of Muhammad's father.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
- War elephant
- The Journey (2021 film) - Japanese-Saudi Arabian anime film based on the incident.
- Cultural depictions of elephants