Yibna

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Yibna (Template:Langx; Jabneh or Jabneel in Biblical times; Jamnia in Roman times; Ibelin to the Crusaders), or Tel Yavne, is an archaeological site and depopulated Palestinian town. The ruins are located southeast of the modern Israeli city of Yavne.

The town had a population of 5,420 in 1948, located 15 kilometers southwest of Ramla.<ref name="Khalidi421">Khalidi, 1992, p.421</ref> Most of the population fled after the fall of al-Qubeiba and Zarnuqa in late May, but armed males were forced back. Israeli army took the town on June 5 and expelled the remaining population.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

It is a significant site for post-biblical Jewish history, as it was the location of the Council of Jamnia, considered the birthplace of modern Rabbinic Judaism. It is also significant in the history of the Crusades, as the location of the House of Ibelin.

NameEdit

In many English translations of the Bible, it is known as Yavne or Jabneh Template:IPAc-en. In classical antiquity, it was known as Jamnia (Template:Langx; Template:Langx); to the Crusaders as Ibelin; and before 1948, as Yibna. (Template:Langx)

HistoryEdit

File:Old Yavne.jpg

The tell with the ruins of the Mamluk minaret built in 1337<ref name="PringleChurches"/>

Based on written sources and archaeology, the history of Yavneh/Jabneh/Yibna goes back to the Iron Age and possibly to the Bronze Age. The Hebrew Bible mentions Yavneh repeatedly, as does Josephus. For more see Yavne.

Bronze and Iron AgeEdit

Salvage excavations carried out in 2001 by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered several burials at the northern foot of the original tell. Most of the burials are dated to the later Iron Age. One burial points to a late Bronze Age occupation.

A large Philistine favissa (deposit of cultic artifacts) was discovered on Temple Hill.<ref name="YavnehI">Template:Cite book</ref> Two excavation seasons in the 2000s led by Professor Dan Bahat revealed some Iron Age remains.Template:Citation needed Pottery sherds of the Iron Age and Persian period were discovered at the surface of the tell.<ref name="NegevGibson"/>

Roman period with HerodiansEdit

In Roman times, the city was known as Iamnia, also spelled Jamnia. It was bequeathed by Herod the Great upon his death to his sister Salome I. Upon her death, it passed to the Roman emperor Augustus, who managed it as a private imperial estate, a status it was to maintain for at least a century.<ref name="Kletter2004">Template:Cite journal</ref> After Salome's death, Iamnia came into the property of Livia, the future Roman empress, and then to her son Tiberius.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the First Jewish–Roman War, when the Roman army had quelled the insurrection in Galilee, the army then marched upon Iamnia and Azotus, taking both towns and stationing garrisons within them.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to rabbinic tradition, the tanna Yohanan ben Zakkai and his disciples were permitted to settle in Iamnia during the outbreak of the war, after Zakkai, realizing that Jerusalem was about to fall, sneaked out of the city and asked Vespasian, the commander of the besieging Roman forces, for the right to settle in Yavne and teach his disciples.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Upon the fall of Jerusalem, his school functioned as a re-establishment of the Sanhedrin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Byzantine periodEdit

File:The Madaba Map, part of a floor mosaic in the early Byzantine church of Saint George depicting the Holy Land in the 6th century AD, Madaba, Jordan (34477841931).jpg

The Madaba Map, showing Template:Langx) (Lit. "Jabneel, which is also Jamnia")

Byzantine period finds from excavations include an aqueduct east of the tell, and a kiln.<ref name=Velednizki2004>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Sion2005">Template:Cite journal</ref> The world's largest wine factory from the Byzantine period has been uncovered by Israeli archaeologists, after a two-year excavation process; the importance of its wine was exemplified by its use by emperor Justin II in 566 at his table during his coronation feast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early Islamic periodEdit

The historian al-Baladhuri (d. 892 CE) mentioned Yibna as one of ten towns in Jund Filastin conquered by the Rashidun army led by Amr ibn al-As during the Muslim conquest of the Levant.<ref name="p.553">Template:Cite book</ref> The 9th-century historian Ya'qubi wrote that it was an ancient city built on a hill and inhabited by Samaritans.<ref name="p.553"/>

The geographer al-Maqdisi, writing around 985, said that "Yubna has a beautiful mosque. From this place come the excellent figs known by the name of Damascene."<ref name="p.553"/> The geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi wrote that in Yubna there was a tomb said to be that of Abu Hurayra, a Companion of the Prophet. The author of the Marasid also adds that tomb seen here is also said to be that of Abd Allah ibn Sa'd, another Companion of the Prophet.<ref name="p.553"/>

In 2007, remains ranging from the early Islamic period until the British Mandate period were uncovered.<ref name="Volynsky2009">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An additional kiln, and part of a commercial/industrial area were uncovered at the west of the tell in 2009.<ref name=mynet/>

Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periodsEdit

File:Mamluk bridge, Yavne008.jpg

Yibna Bridge, one in a series of bridges built by Sultan Baybars in medieval Egypt and Palestine

File:PikiWiki Israel 10149 rabbi gamliel tomb in yavneh.jpg

The Mausoleum of Abu Huraira, 2010

The Crusaders called the city Ibelin and built a castle there in 1141. Two excavation seasons led by Professor Dan Bahat starting in 2005 revealed the main gate.Template:Citation needed Its namesake noble family, the house of Ibelin, was important in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and later in the Kingdom of Cyprus. Salvage excavations at the west of the tell unearthed a stash of 53 Crusader coins of the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref name="mynet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ibelin was first sacked by Saladin before his army was comprehensively routed at the Battle of Montgisard in late 1177. In August 1187, it was retaken by Saladin and burned down, and ceased for some time to form part of the Crusaders' kingdom.<ref>Fischer, Moshe and Taxel, Itamar. "Ancient Yavneh: Its History and Archaeology", in Tel Aviv Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, December 2007, vol. 34: No 2, pp.204-284, 247</ref> The Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela (1130–1173) identified Jamnia (Jabneh) of classical writers with the Ibelin of the Crusades. He places the ancient city of Jamnia at three parasangs from Jaffa and two from Ashdod (Azotus).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the Mamluk period (13th–16th centuries), Yibna was a key site along the Cairo—Damascus road, which served as a center for rural religious and economic life.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ibelin's parish church was converted into a mosque, to which a minaret was added during the Mamluk period in 1337. The minaret survives until today, while the mosque (the former Crusader church) was blown up by the Israeli army in 1950.<ref name="PringleChurches">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>[Raz Kletter, Irit Ziffer, Wolfgang Zwickel. "Yavneh I: The Excavation of the 'Temple Hill' Repository Pit and the Cult Stands." Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica (OBOSA), Book 30. Academic Press Fribourg, Switzerland (Template:ISBN) and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen (Template:ISBN). 2010. Pages 2-13 ]</ref>

The Mausoleum of Abu Huraira, a maqam (religious shrine), in Yibna was described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine". The site has been considered by Muslims as the tomb of Abu Huraira since the 12th century. After Israel's capture of Yibna in 1948, the shrine was taken over by Sephardic Jews who consider the tomb as the burial place of Rabbi Gamaliel of Yavne.<ref name="Petersen2002">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Ottoman periodEdit

The village became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In the 1596 Ottoman tax registers, it fell under the nahiya (subdistrict) of Gaza, part of the liwa' (district) of Gaza, with a population of 129 households, an estimated 710 persons, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, summer crops, sesame seeds and fruits, as well as goats, beehives and vineyards; a total of 34,000 akçe. Three quarters of the revenues went to a waqf (religious endowment).<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 421</ref>

In the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in 1799, it was shown on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled that year as 'Ebneh'.<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. 171 Template:Webarchive</ref>

An American missionary, William Thomson, who visited Yibna in 1834, described it as a village on hill inhabited by 3,000 Muslims who worked in agriculture. He wrote that an inscription on the mosque indicated that it had been built in 1386, while Denys Pringle indicates 1337 as the construction year of the minaret.<ref name="PringleChurches"/><ref>Thompson (1880), I:145-49. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.421</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1838, Yibna was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref>

An Ottoman village list from 1870 found that Yibna had a population of 1,042 living in 348 houses, although this number only counted adult males.<ref name=Socin155>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Yibna as a large village partly built of stone and situated on a hill. It had olive trees and corn to the north, and gardens nearby.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Oral histories of Yibna mention Late Ottoman infant jar-burials, commonly associated with nomads or itinerant workers of Egyptian origins.<ref name=":02">Taxel, Y., Marom, R., & Nagar, Y. (2025). An Infant Jar Burial from Zarnūqa: Muslim Funerary Practices and Migrant Communities in Late Ottoman Palestine. 'Atiqot, 117, 269–293.</ref>

British MandateEdit

Template:Multiple image In 1921, an elementary school for boys was founded in Yibna. By 1941-42 it had 445 students. A school for girls was founded in 1943, and by 1948 it had 44 students.<ref name="Khalidi421"/>

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yibna had a population of 1,791; all Muslims,<ref name=Census1922>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> increasing in the 1931 census to 3,600, of whom all were Muslims except for seven Christians, two Jews and one Baháʼí, living in a total of 794 houses.<ref name=Census1931>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1941, Kibbutz Yavne was established nearby by refugees from Germany, followed by a Youth Aliyah village, Givat Washington, in 1946.<ref name="Khalidi421"/>

In 1944-45, Yibna had a population of 5,400 Muslims and 20 Christians,<ref name=1945p30/> while the total land area was 59,554 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi68>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 68</ref> In addition there were 1,500 nomads living around the village.<ref name="Khalidi421"/> A total of 6,468 dunams of village land was used for citrus and bananas, 15,124 were used for cereals, 11,091 were irrigated or used for orchards, of which 25 were planted with olive trees,<ref name="Khalidi421"/><ref name=Hadawi117>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 117</ref> while 127 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 167</ref>

Yibna 1929.jpg

Yibna 1929 1:20,000
Yibna 1941.jpg

Yibna 1941 1:20,000
Yibna 1945.jpg

Yibna 1945 1:250,000

1948 and aftermathEdit

Template:See

File:Yibna.jpg

Members of the Yiftach Brigade standing on the roof of a building in Yibna at the start of Operation Dani

Yibna was in the territory allotted to the Jewish state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan.<ref name="UN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In mid-March 1948, a contingent of Iraqi volunteers moved into the village. In a Haganah reprisal on March 30, two dozen villagers were killed.<ref name=MorrisBook/> On April 21, the Iraqi village commander was arrested by the British authorities for the drunken shooting of two Arabs.<ref name=MorrisBook>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, residents of Zarnuqa sought refuge in Yibna, but left after Yibna's inhabitants accused them of being traitors.<ref name="Morris258-259">Template:Cite book</ref> On 27 May, following the fall of nearby al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa, most of the population of Yibna fled to Isdud, but Yibna's armed males were forced back to Yibna by Isdud's militiamen. According to the official history, the Israeli Givati Brigade was interested in evacuating the village.<ref name="Morris258-259"/> On June 5, after a brief firefight, they occupied the village and expelled the few old people who remained.<ref name="Morris258-259"/> Refugees fleeing the village were fired at 'to increase [their] panic.'<ref name="Morris258-259"/>

After 1948, a number of Israeli villages were founded on Yibna's land: Kfar HaNagid and Beit Gamliel in 1949, Ben Zakai in 1950, Kfar Aviv (originally: "Kfar HaYeor") in 1951, and Tzofiyya in 1955.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 423</ref>

Archaeological excavations have revealed that part of the pre-1948 Arab village at Yibna was built on top of a Byzantine-period cemetery and refuse pits.<ref name=IAA>Buchennino, 2007, Yavne Template:Webarchive</ref>

Cultural referencesEdit

Palestinian artist Sliman Mansour made Yibna the subject of one of his paintings. The work, named for the village, was one of a series of four on destroyed Palestinian villages that he produced in 1988 in order to resist the cancellation of Palestinian history; the others being Yalo, Imwas and Bayt Dajan.<ref name=Ankorip82>Ankori, 2006, p. 82: 'Another series of four works from 1988 relates explicitly to the lost homeland through the titles given to each work by the artist. Mansour named each composition (Yalo, Beit Dajan, Emmwas, Yibna) after a Palestinian village that had been destroyed by Israel since its establishment in 1948. Thus, art became a way of resisting the eradication of Palestinian history and geography,’.</ref>

The harbour of JavnehEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The harbour of ancient Yavneh has been identified on the coast at Minet Rubin (Arabic) or Yavne-Yam (Hebrew), where excavations have revealed fortification going back to the Bronze Age Hyksos.<ref name="NegevGibson">Negev, and Gibson, 2001, p. 253</ref> It has been in use from the Middle Bronze Age until the 12th century CE, when it was abandoned.<ref name="JM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>