Yuri Orlov

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Distinguish Template:Family name hatnote Template:Infobox scientist Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov (Template:Langx, 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020) was a particle accelerator physicist,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> human rights activist,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Soviet dissident,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was declared a prisoner of conscience<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords, he was declared a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as a founder of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Following his release from exile, Orlov was allowed to emigrate to the U.S. and became a professor of physics at Cornell University.

Early careerEdit

Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow.<ref name=Wren>Template:Cite news</ref> His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov.<ref name=SC /> In March 1933, his father died.<ref name=SC />

From 1944 to 1946, Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army.<ref name=Sakharov>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1952, he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics<ref name=Marshak>Template:Cite journal</ref> where he later worked as a physicist.<ref name=Sakharov />

In 1956, Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. He publicly called Stalin and Beria "killers who were in power" and put forward the requirement of "democracy on the basis of socialism."<ref name=RL2014>Template:Cite news</ref> For his pro-democracy speech in 1956, he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job.<ref name=Sakharov />

What is the meaning of life? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay ... I have again looked at, added up, corrected, and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good ... (Yuri Orlov, 1980)<ref name=Bailey1983>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963.<ref name=Marshak /> He became an expert on particle acceleration.<ref name=Wren /> In 1968, he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences<ref name=Wren /> after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute.<ref name=Sakharov /> In 1972, he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism.<ref name=Sakharov />

DissidenceEdit

In September 1973, when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academics denouncing Andrei Sakharov's anti-patriotic activity, Orlov decided to support him, while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s, in which some academics demanded the death penalty for others already arrested; later some of these academics themselves were arrested, with some academics who were not arrested demanding the death penalty for them.<ref name=RL2014 /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Defending Sakharov, Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote "Open Letter to L.I. Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which appeared in underground samizdat circulation.<ref name=Shifman>Template:Cite book</ref> The Western press published the letter in 1974Template:Sfn but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991.Template:Sfn In the early 1970s, the article by Yuri Orlov "Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible?" also appeared in underground samizdat circulation.<ref name="Shifman" />

In 1973, he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union.<ref name=Sakharov />

In May 1976, he organized the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman.<ref name=Sakharov /> Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords.<ref name=Eaton>Template:Cite news</ref> Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Arrest and trialEdit

On 10 February 1977, Orlov was arrested.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=UPI>Template:Cite news</ref> In March 1977, Orlov published the article about his arrest "The road to my arrest."Template:Sfn In a closed trial, he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities, while supporters and friends of Orlov, including Andrei Sakharov, were barred from entering because there was no room.<ref name=UW1978 /> Orlov's summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted "spy" and "traitor."<ref name=UW1978 /> According to Orlov's wife Irina, hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted: "You should have given him more."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords.<ref name=UW1978 /> Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian, not subversive, reasons.<ref name=UW1978 /> On 15 May 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Protests over Orlov's trialEdit

US President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Washington senator Henry M. Jackson said, "The Orlov trial, and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations, are dramatic cases in point" when discussing Soviet breaches of law.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The US National Academy of Sciences officially protested against the trial of Orlov.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the summer of 1978, 2,400 American scientists<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> including physicists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Shcharansky (SOS), an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> its chairman was Prof. Morris Pripstein.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Scientists at CERN have spoken out against Orlov's imprisonment for "disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Imprisonment and exileEdit

File:Кобяй.jpg

A street in Kobyay

For a year and a half, Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison, then Perm Camp 35 and 37.<ref name=Bailey1983 /> In Perm Camp 37, he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes.<ref name=Concerns>Template:Cite journal</ref> Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad.<ref>Template:Harvs</ref> On 5 July 1983, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria, but it was intentionally not answered.<ref name="Bruno">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlov's health deterioration, "He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells, resulting from an old skull injury. He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation, low blood pressure, rheumatic pains, toothaches, insomnia and vitamin deficiency. Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate."<ref name=Eaton /> Orlov suffered from tuberculosis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Orlov's wife said he looked emaciated and that she was "very fearful for my husband's health. The authorities are gradually killing him."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1984, Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden.<ref name=UPI /> On 14 November 1985, Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Deportation and US citizenshipEdit

On 30 September 1986, the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Orlov's discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Orlov's release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Former US President Jimmy Carter said, "As for Orlov, we're very delighted with this happy occurrence. We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country, but I don't know that he will. I have no way of knowing his plans."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 10 December 1986, Orlov was awarded the Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In 1987, Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Orlov was a visiting fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1988/89.<ref name="nsarch" /><ref name="CVcornell" /> A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Orlov studied particle accelerator design, beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics. He authored and co-authored numerous research papers,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> articles on human rights,<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvs; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> and an autobiography, Dangerous Thoughts (1991).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1990, Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Orlov told Gorbachev, "I would say you have a very great power in your hands, the K.G.B., and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all. Afterward, you should liquidate the K.G.B., because it is a cancer."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 18 July 1991, Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia.Template:Sfn

In 1993, Orlov received American citizenship.<ref name="CVcornell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1995, the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service.<ref name=Gold>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2005, he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize, awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights.<ref name=Gold /><ref name="S">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020, a few days before Orlov died, the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for "embodying the spirit of scientific freedom."

In 2004, Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying, "Russia is flying backwards in time. Putin is like Stalin, and he speaks in the language of the thug, the mafia."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 24 March 2005, Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk, Yuri Samodurov, and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum exhibition on religion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement, They Chose Freedom<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in 2005, and Parallels, Events, People in 2014. He was a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees, and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee, Global Rights.

Orlov died on 27 September 2020, aged 96.<ref>Template:Usurped</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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Some publicationsEdit

VideoEdit

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