Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.

File:The Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles, Sandow lifting the human dumbell, 1894.jpg

The Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles (poster), produced by Ziegfeld, (1894)

Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. (Template:IPAc-en; March 21, 1867 – July 22, 1932) was an American Broadway impresario, notable for his series of theatrical revues, the Ziegfeld Follies (1907–1931), inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. He also produced the musical Show Boat. He was known as the "glorifier of the American girl".<ref name=obit/> Ziegfeld is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early life

Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was born on March 21, 1867,<ref name="Mordden"/>Template:Rp in Chicago, Illinois. His mother, Rosalie (née de Hez), who was born in Belgium, was the grandniece of General Count Étienne Maurice Gérard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Hester, Heather. "Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute. Last modified November 13, 2014.</ref> His father, Florenz Edward Ziegfeld, was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor of Jever in Friesland. Ziegfeld was baptized in his mother's Roman Catholic church. His father was Lutheran.<ref name="Mordden">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp As a child Ziegfeld witnessed the Chicago fire of 1871.

Career

His father ran the Chicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, the Trocadero, to profit from the 1893 World's Fair.<ref name=john>Kenrick, John. "Florenz Ziegfeld: A Biography", Musicals 101; accessed January 13, 2011</ref> To help his father's nightclub succeed, Ziegfeld hired and managed the strongman Eugen Sandow.<ref name=john/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In London, during a trip to Europe, Ziegfeld met Anna Held, a Polish-French singer of Jewish descent.<ref name="snac-99166">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His promotion of Held in America brought about her meteoric rise to national fame.<ref>Eve Golden (reviewed by Margaret Van Dagens). "Book review, Anna Held And The Birth Of Ziegfeld's Broadway, New York Times, May 14, 2000.</ref><ref name="NYT Held Obit"/> It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Folies Bergère to Ziegfeld.<ref name=john/><ref>Cambridge Guide to the American Theatre, (New York: Cambridge UP, 1995) p. 511 Template:ISBN?</ref> Her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especially A Parisian Model (1906), was a major reason for his starting a series of lavish revues in 1907.<ref name=pbs>"Florenz Ziegfeld biography" Template:Webarchive, pbs.org, accessed January 13, 2011.</ref> Much of Held's popularity was due to Ziegfeld's creation of publicity stunts and rumors fed to the American press.

Ziegfeld's stage spectaculars, known as the Ziegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7, 1907,<ref>Vlastnik, Frank; Bloom, Ken. "Ziegfeld Follies of 1919" Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time, Black Dog Publishing, 2010; Template:ISBN, p. 332</ref> and were produced annually until 1931.<ref name=green>Green, Stanley. "Florenz Ziegfeld" Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, Da Capo Press, 1980; Template:ISBN, pp. 463–464</ref> These extravaganzas, with elaborate costumes and sets, featured beauties chosen personally by Ziegfeld in production numbers choreographed to the works of prominent composers such as Irving Berlin, George Gershwin and Jerome Kern.<ref name=obit/> The Follies featured the famous Ziegfeld girls, female chorus dancers who wore elaborate costumes and performed in synchronization.

The Follies featured many performers who, though well known from previous work in other theatrical genres, achieved unique financial success and publicity with Ziegfeld. Included among these are Nora Bayes, Fanny Brice, Ruth Etting, W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Marilyn Miller, Will Rogers, Bert Williams and Ann Pennington.<ref name=green/>

File:FlorenzZiegfeldJrByRalphBarton.jpg

Caricature by Ralph Barton, 1925

At a cost of $2.5 million, Ziegfeld built the 1600-seat Ziegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets. Designed by Joseph Urban and Thomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped, with the stage at the narrow end. A huge medieval-style mural, The Joy of Life, covered the walls and ceiling.<ref>Innes, C.D. "Chapter: Stage and Screen", Designing modern America: Broadway to Main Street, Yale University Press, 2005; Template:ISBN, pp. 60–62.</ref> To finance the construction, Ziegfeld borrowed from William Randolph Hearst,<ref name=billie>Hayter-Menzies, Grant. "Chapter 18. The Great Ziegfeld" Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke, McFarland, 2009; Template:ISBN, pp. 114, 159</ref> who took control of the theater after Ziegfeld's death.

The Ziegfeld Theatre opened in February 1927 with Ziegfeld's production of Rio Rita, which ran for nearly 500 performances. This was followed by Show Boat,<ref name=pbs/> a great hit with a run of 572 performances.<ref name=john/><ref>Green, Stanley. "Chapter: Jerome Kern" The World of Musical Comedy (4th ed.), Da Capo Press, 1984; Template:ISBN, p. 62</ref> This musical, which concerned racial discrimination in the South during the late nineteenth century, was a collaboration between Ziegfeld, Urban, and composer Jerome Kern. The musical has been revived four times on Broadway, winning multiple Tony Awards. The score features several classics such as "Ol' Man River" and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ziegfeld lost much of his money in the stock market crash. In May 1932 he staged a revival of Show Boat that ran for six months—a hit, by Depression standards.<ref>Jones, John Bush. "The Depression Hits Broadway", Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of the American Musical Theater, UPNE, 2003, Template:ISBN, p. 82</ref> That same year, he brought his Follies stars to CBS Radio with The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air.<ref name="Dunning">Template:Cite book</ref>

Personal life

File:Florenz Ziegfield, Jr, producer (SAYRE 11878).jpg

Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. in 1904

In 1896, Ziegfeld met Anna Held, an actress, in London.<ref name="loc.gov/in-history/03-21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ziegfeld and Held began a common-law marriage in 1897, and she divorced him in 1913, according to her obituary in The New York Times dated August 13, 1918.<ref name="NYT Held Obit">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Mordden"/>Template:Rp Held served Ziegfeld with divorce papers on April 14, 1912, and their divorce became final on January 9, 1913.<ref name="Mordden"/>Template:Rp Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfeld's relationship with another woman.<ref>Golden, Eve "Chapter: The Unchastened Woman". Anna Held and the Birth of Ziegfeld's Broadway, University Press of Kentucky, 2000; Template:ISBN, pp. 160–61</ref> The unnamed party in this romantic triangle was showgirl Lillian Lorraine, an entertainer of limited talent but charismatic stage presence and beauty whom Ziegfeld discovered in 1907 when she was a 15-year-old performer in a Shubert production. Ziegfeld spent years promoting her career, transforming her into one of the most popular attractions in his Follies<ref name="Hanson">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp and establishing her in an apartment two floors above the residence he shared with Held. He remained in love with Lorraine for the rest of his life.<ref name="Hanson"/>Template:Rp

Not long after his divorce from Held, Ziegfeld married actress Billie Burke on April 11, 1914. They had met at a New Year's Eve party.<ref name=obit/><ref name="nytimes-burke-weds-ziegfeld">Template:Cite news</ref> They had one child, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916–2008). The family lived on his estate in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and in Palm Beach, Florida.<ref name=jn>Template:Cite news</ref> Ziegfeld died in Hollywood, California on July 22, 1932, from pleurisy, related to a previous lung infection.<ref name=obit/> He had been in Los Angeles only a few days after moving from a New Mexico sanitarium.<ref name=obit>Template:Cite news</ref> His death left Burke with substantial debts, driving her toward film acting to settle them.<ref name=billie/> She died on May 14, 1970. He and Burke are interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.

Accolades

Ziegfeld was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Broadway theatre productions

Broadway theatre productions
Date	Title	Notes
1896	Template:Sortname	Herald Square Theatre<ref name="NYT Held Obit"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1898	Template:Sortname	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1898	Way Down East	Manhattan Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1898	Template:Sortname	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1899	Mlle. Fifi	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1899	Template:Sortname	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1899–1900	Papa's Wife	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1901–1902	Template:Sortname	Casino Theatre, Grand Opera House<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1903–1904	Red Feather	Lyric Theatre, Grand Opera House<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1903–1904	Mam'selle Napoleon	Knickerbocker Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1904–1905	Higgledy-Piggledy	Weber and Fields' Broadway Music Hall<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1905	Higgledy-Piggledy	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1906–1907	Template:Sortname	Broadway Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1907	Follies of 1907	Jardin de Paris, Liberty Theatre, Grand Opera House<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1908	Template:Sortname	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1908	Template:Sortname	New York Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1908	Follies of 1908	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1908–1909	Miss Innocence	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1909	Follies of 1909	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1909	Miss Innocence	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1910	Follies of 1910	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1911	Ziegfeld Follies of 1911	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1912	Over the River	Globe Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1912	Template:Sortname	Moulin Rouge<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1912–1913	Ziegfeld Follies of 1912	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1913	Ziegfeld Follies of 1913	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1914	Ziegfeld Follies of 1914	New Amsterdam Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1915	Ziegfeld Follies of 1915	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1916	Ziegfeld Follies of 1916	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1916–1917	Template:Sortname	Century Theatre<ref name="The Century Girl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1917	Dance and Grow Thin	Cocoanut Grove Theatre<ref name="The Century Girl"/>
1917	Ziegfeld Follies of 1917	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1917	Template:Sortname	Hudson Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1917–1918	Miss 1917	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1917–1918	Template:Sortname	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1918	Ziegfeld Follies of 1918	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1918	Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic	Ziegfeld Roof<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1918	By Pigeon Post	George M. Cohan's Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1919	Ziegfeld Follies of 1919	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1919	Ziegfeld Nine O'Clock Review	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1919	Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic	Danse de Follies<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1919	Caesar's Wife	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1919–1920	Elsie Janis and Her Gang	George M. Cohan's Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1920	Ziegfeld Girls of 1920	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1920	Ziegfeld Follies of 1920	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1920–1922	Sally	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1921	Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1921	Ziegfeld 9 O'Clock Frolic	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1921	Ziegfeld Follies of 1921	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1921–1922	Template:Sortname	Henry Miller's Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1921–1922	Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1922	Ziegfeld Follies of 1922	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1922–1923	Rose Briar	Empire Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1923	Ziegfeld Follies of 1923	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1923	Sally	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1923–1924	Ziegfeld Follies of 1923	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1923–1925	Kid Boots	Earl Carroll Theatre, Selwyn Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1924–1925	Ziegfeld Follies of 1924	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1924–1925	Annie Dear	Times Square Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1925	Louis the 14th	Cosmopolitan Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1925	Ziegfeld Follies of 1925	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1926	No Foolin'	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1926–1927	Betsy	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1927–1928	Rio Rita	Ziegfeld Theatre, Lyric Theatre, Majestic Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1927–1928	Ziegfeld Follies of 1927	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1927–1929	Show Boat	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1928	Rosalie	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1928	Template:Sortname	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1928–1929	Whoopee!	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1929	Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic	Frolic Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1929	Show Girl	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1929–1930	Bitter Sweet	Ziegfeld Theatre, Shubert Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1930	Simple Simon	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1930–1931	Smiles	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1931	Ziegfeld Follies of 1931	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1932	Hot-Cha!	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1932	Show Boat	Casino Theatre<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Films

Ziegfeld appears in a sound prologue to the 1929 film, Show Boat—a part-talkie based on Edna Ferber's 1926 novel, not the popular stage adaptation that was still playing on Broadway when the film was released. Universal Pictures originally made Show Boat as a silent, and obtained the rights to the popular Broadway score after the film was shot. The 18-minute prologue is introduced by Ziegfeld and producer Carl Laemmle, and features excerpts from the stage production performed by cast members Jules Bledsoe, Tess Gardella, Helen Morgan and the Broadway chorus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Universal Story">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Two subsequent adaptations of Show Boat, in 1936 and 1951, were based on the stage musical.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Technicolor screen versions of three of Ziegfeld's stage musicals were produced in the early sound film era. RKO Pictures had its first hit with its lavish presentation of Rio Rita (1929), starring Bebe Daniels and John Boles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Marilyn Miller reprised one of her greatest stage successes in Sally (1929).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eddie Cantor reprised his popular Broadway role in Whoopee! (1930), which Ziegfeld himself produced with Samuel Goldwyn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cultural references

File:Great-Ziegfeld-1936-Poster.jpg

Poster for The Great Ziegfeld (1936)

In 1936 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a semi-biographical film extravaganza, The Great Ziegfeld, starring William Powell. He was personally chosen for the role by Billie Burke, who felt that while Powell did not physically resemble her late husband, he possessed the right manner. "What I tried to do primarily was to get across the essential spirit of the man", Powell later said, "his love for show business, his exquisite taste, his admiration for the beauty of women. He was financially impractical but aesthetically impeccable—a genius in his chosen field."<ref name="Quirk">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Nominated for seven Academy Awards, The Great Ziegfeld received Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actress (Luise Rainer as Anna Held), and Best Dance Direction (Seymour Felix), for the astonishingly opulent production number, "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody"—one of the most famous musical sequences ever filmed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was MGM's most expensive production since Ben-Hur (1925), and it made back twice its cost.<ref name="MGM Story">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Released by MGM ten years later, Ziegfeld Follies (1946) was an all-star revue that includes Powell in a cameo role as Ziegfeld.<ref name="Quirk"/>Template:Rp<ref name="MGM Story"/>Template:Rp A 1978 NBC-television film, Ziegfeld: The Man and His Women, stars Paul Shenar as Ziegfeld. Directed by Buzz Kulik, the three-hour biopic<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Berard, Jeanette M.; Corwin, Norman; Englund, Klaudia. "Specials", Television Series and Specials Scripts, McFarland, 2009; Template:ISBN, p. 425</ref> was nominated for seven Emmy Awards and received the award for Outstanding Cinematography (Gerald Finnerman).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ziegfeld appears as a character in a number of films:

• The Jolson Story (1946), played by Eddie Kane
• I'll See You in My Dreams (1951), played by William Forrest<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The Story of Will Rogers (1952), played by William Forrest<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The I Don't Care Girl (1953), played by Wilton Graff<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The Eddie Cantor Story (1953), played by William Forrest<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Deep in my Heart (1954) played by Paul Henried
• The Helen Morgan Story (1957), played by Walter Woolf King<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Funny Girl (1968), played by Walter Pidgeon;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> played by Roger DeKoven in the original Broadway stage production<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

• W. C. Fields and Me (1976), played by Paul Stewart
• Ellis Island (1984) played by Julian Holloway

In the Broadway musical Crazy For You (1992), the character Bela Zangler is a fictionalised version of Ziegfeld, having his own "Zangler's Follies" and his character being driven by a love for the young folly Tess despite being married, much like Ziegfeld's own affair with Lillian Lorraine. In The Drowsy Chaperone, a similar fictionalised parody of Ziegfeld is Victor Feldzieg, producer of Feldzieg's Follies.

Archive

The Academy Film Archive houses the Florenz Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Collection. The collection consists primarily of home movies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Further reading

• Carter, Randolph, Ziegfeld, the Time of His Life, New and rev. ed., London, Bernard Press, 1988; Template:ISBN
• Redniss, Lauren, Century Girl: 100 Years in the Life of Doris Eaton Travis, Last Living Star of the Ziegfeld Follies, New York, Harper Collins, 2006; Template:ISBN.

External links

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• Template:Find a Grave
• Ziegfeld Productions, 1915–1932, Joseph Urban Collection, Columbia University Libraries
• Joseph Urban Stage Design Models & Documents, Joseph Urban Collection, Columbia University Libraries – Photographs of select designs for Ziegfeld shows
• Flo Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Papers, 1907–1984, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts