Editing 12 Victoria (section)

{{Short description|Large main-belt asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| background = #D6D6D6
| name = 12 Victoria
| symbol = [[File:Victoria symbol (bold).svg|24px]] (historical)
| image = 12 Victoria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
| caption = 
| discoverer = [[John Russell Hind]]
| discovered = 13 September 1850
| mpc_name = (12) Victoria
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|k|ˈ|t|ɔər|i|ə}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| adjective = Victorian
| alt_names = 
| named_after = [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] ({{langx|la|Uictōria}})
| mp_category = [[Main belt]]
| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
  |type=2024-09-10 last obs
  |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria
  |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12
  |accessdate=2024-12-20}}</ref>
| epoch = 17.0&nbsp;October 2024<br/>([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2460600.5)
| observation_arc = 173.98 yr
| uncertainty = 0
| semimajor = {{Convert|2.33|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| perihelion = {{Convert|1.82|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| time_periastron = 15 February 2025
| aphelion = {{Convert|2.85|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}
| eccentricity = 0.22013
| period = 3.57 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1302.6 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
| inclination = 8.374°
| asc_node = 235.36°
| arg_peri = 69.55°
| mean_anomaly = 326.4[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| avg_speed = 19.50 km/s
| moid = {{Convert|0.83|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| jupiter_moid = {{Convert|2.42|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| tisserand = 3.522
| dimensions = {{val|140|x|116|x|96|u=km}} (± {{val|4|x|3|x|3|u=km}})<ref name=VLT/>
| mean_diameter = {{val|116|2|u=km}}<ref name=VLT>P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 54, A56</ref><br />115.087 ± 1.199&nbsp;km<ref name=jpldata/><br />124.09 ± 8.31 km<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| flattening = 0.31{{efn|1=Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): <math>f=1-\frac{c}{a}</math>, where (c/a) = {{val|0.69|0.03}}.<ref name=VLT/>}}
| mass = {{val|2.7|1.3|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name=VLT/> <br />{{val|2.45|0.46|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| density = {{val|3.4|1.7|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=VLT/><br />{{val|2.45|0.67|u=g/cm3}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| surface_grav = 0.0315 m/s²
| escape_velocity = 0.0596 km/s
| rotation = {{Convert|8.6599|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=jpldata/><br>{{val|8.660345|0.000005|u=h}}<ref name=VLT/>
| axial_tilt = 110°<ref name=VLT/>
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]] (Tholen)/[[L-type asteroid|L]] (SMASS)<ref name=jpldata/><br>[[A-type asteroid|A]]<ref name=VLT/><br>L<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| magnitude = 8.68<ref name=AstDys-Victoria>{{cite web |title=AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> to 12.82
| abs_magnitude = 7.30<ref name=jpldata/><br>7.24<ref name=VLT/>
| pole_ecliptic_lat = {{val|-27|3|u=deg}}<ref name=VLT/>
| pole_ecliptic_lon = {{val|177|2|u=deg}}<ref name=VLT/>
| albedo = 0.167 (calculated)<ref name=VLT/><br />0.163 ± 0.027<ref name=jpldata/>
| angular_size = 0.188" <!-- Horizons 1996-Jul-18 --> to 0.04"
| single_temperature = ~178 [[kelvin|K]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.276365|sup=ms}} / day
}}

'''12 Victoria''' is a large [[main-belt]] [[asteroid]], orbiting the Sun with a [[orbital period|period]] of 3.56&nbsp;years and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.221. It is a [[S-type asteroid|stony (S-type) asteroid]], about 112–124&nbsp;km across with an [[geometric albedo|albedo]] of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66&nbsp;hours. Victoria has been observed to [[occultation|occult]] a [[star]] three times since its discovery. [[Radar astronomy|Radar]] and [[speckle interferometry]] observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a [[binary asteroid]], with a moon of irregular shape.<ref>[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoonsq.html Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions]</ref>

This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer [[John Russell Hind|J. R. Hind]] on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman [[Victoria (mythology)|goddess of victory]], but the name also honours [[Queen Victoria]]. The goddess Victoria ([[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] for the Greeks) was the daughter of [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]] by the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and [[Benjamin Apthorp Gould|B. A. Gould]], editor of the prestigious ''[[Astronomical Journal]]'', adopted the alternate name '''Clio''' (now used by [[84 Klio]]), proposed by the discoverer. However, [[William Cranch Bond|W. C. Bond]], of the [[Harvard College Observatory]], then the highest authority on astronomy in [[United States|America]], held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of minor planet names|volume=1|edition=5th |date=2003|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|location=Berlin Heidelberg New York|isbn=3-540-00238-3|pages=16|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13}}</ref>

The historical symbol for Victoria was a star with a branch of laurel. It is in the pipeline for [[Unicode]] 17.0 as U+1CEC5 𜻅 ([[File:Victoria symbol (fixed width).svg|12px]]).<ref name=astunicode>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf |title=Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols |last1=Bala |first1=Gavin Jared |last2=Miller |first2=Kirk |date=18 September 2023 |website=unicode.org |publisher=Unicode |access-date=26 September 2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=pipeline>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |title=Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline |author=Unicode |date= |website=unicode.org |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=6 November 2023 |quote=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;"
|+12 Victoria Earth approach on 26 June 2028<ref name="Earth2028"/>
! Date and time of<br />closest approach
! Earth distance<br/>([[Astronomical unit|AU]])
! Sun distance<br/>(AU)
! Velocity<br/>relative to Earth<br/>(km/s)
! Velocity<br/>relative to Sun<br/>(km/s)
! Uncertainty<br />region<br />([[3-sigma]])
! [[Elongation (astronomy)|Solar<br/>elongation]]
|-
| 26 June 2028 ≈01:57 || {{Convert|0.877|AU|e6km e6mi LD|abbr=unit|lk=on}} || {{Convert|1.88|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit}} || 6.4 || 23.7 || ± 7&nbsp;km || 166.9°
|}

[[File:12Victoria (Lightcurve Inversion).png|thumb|Model of 12 Victoria made by [[light-curve]] inversion|none]]